MTTC Integrated Science Exam question
with answers
Independent Variable - -The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable
whose effect is being studied. Placed on the x-axis (horizontal) on a graph.
-Dependent Variable - -The variable that is measured in an experiment. Placed on
the y-axis (vertical) on a graph.
-Scientific theory - -Must be repeatable. Possible to be disproved and capable of
change.
-Sampling and Sample Size - -Random sampling is the preferred, but isn't always
possible. A large sample will yield the most accurate information.
-Manipulating Variables - -Only one variable should be manipulated at a time.
-Control variable - -A factor that is held constant to test the relative impact of an
independent variable
-Response to Lab Accident - -In most cases, 911 should be called immediately.
-Response to Fire in a Beaker or Flask - -Do not use a fire extinguisher. Just place a
watch glass or wet towel over it to cut off Oxygen supply.
-Guidelines for Dissections - -Specimens should be rinsed before using. Latex glover
preferred. Avoid use of formaldehyde/dispose of correctly. Need to provide
alternative for students with moral objections to assingment.
-Storing Lab Chemicals - -Store all in secured, dry area. Acids locked in separate
area.
-Origin of Biological Sciences - -Traced back to ancient Greeks (i.e. Aristotle)
-Andrea Vesalius - -Dissected human bodies; created a book on anatomy
-Anton van Leeuwenhoek - -Father of Microscopy, first to see and describe bacteria,
yeast plants, and microscopic life found in water
-Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - -Instead of a light, a beam of electrons pass
through specimen. Resolution about 1,000 times greater than light microscope. Will
kill specimen though.
-Robert Hooke - -Famous for Hook's law describing elasticity. But called a
"virtuoso", able to contribute findings to any major field in science
, -Carl Von Linnaeus - -Famous for binomial system of nomenclature. Each living
organism has two names, a genus and species. Considered father of modern
ecology and taxonomy
-Pasteur - -Discovered role of microorganisms in the cause of disease,
pasteurization, and rabies vaccine.
-Koch's Postulates - -Specific diseases caused by specific pathogens
-Cell theory - -Cell is the common structural unit in plants and animals. Proposed by
Mattias Scheleiden and Schwann.
-Watson and Crick - -Discovered the structure of DNA was a double helix (in the
1950s). Made it possible to understand how DNA replicated and synthesized
proteins
-Commonalities Among all Sciences - -- Systems, order, and organization
- Evidence, models, and explanation
- Constancy, change, and measurement
- Evolution and equilibrium
- Form and function
-Empirical Evidence - -All evidence is empirical; all evidence must be observed by
the five sense.
-Peer-reviewed Journals - -Most accepted source for information on scientific
experiments and studies
-Air Pollution - -Chemicals in the air; include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
-Water Pollution - -Contaminants enter water by ground runoff or by leaching
-Thermal pollution - -Factories dump water at high temperatures which increases
normal water temperatures. This means the water can hold less gas, disrupting the
ecosystem
-Greenhouse gasses - -I.e. carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Concentration of them
is increased by burning fossil fuels. These gasses absorb and trap heat, therefore
warming the planet
-Acid ran - -Sulfur and nitrous oxides converted to acids and contaminate water
supplies
-Prokaryotes - -Single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound
nucleus
-Flagella - -Appendages on bacteria cells; used for movement
-Pili - -Used by bacteria cells to attach to other cells
, -Cell Wall - -a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
-Cell membrane - -a phospholipid layer that covers a cell's surface and acts as a
barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment
-Eukaryotes - -organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane bound
organelles
-Nucleus - -a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
-Nucleolus - -The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially
assembled, located in the nucleus
-Ribosomes - -site of protein synthesis
-Endoplasmic Reticulum - -an internal membrane system in which components of
cell membrane and some proteins are constructed
-Golgi apparatus - -stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
-Lysosomes - -An organelle containing digestive enzymes; found mostly in animal
cells
-Mitochondria - -Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
-Plastids - -Include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts); only
found in photosynthetic organisms
-Vacuoles - -saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins,
and carbohydrates
-Cytoskeleton - -network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell
maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement; made up of
microtubles, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
-Archaea - -Single-celled, no nucleus, Live in harsh condisions, oldest organisms on
earth
-Animal vs Plant Cells - -Animal cells have centrioles (plant cells dont). Plant cells
have cell walls and chloroplasts (animal cells dont)
-Protists - -Single celled eukaryotes; include amoeba, paramecium, and euglena
-Bacteria - -Simplest microorganisms; have a cell wall, but no nucleus, most don't
have chlorophyll, so they don't make their own food
with answers
Independent Variable - -The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable
whose effect is being studied. Placed on the x-axis (horizontal) on a graph.
-Dependent Variable - -The variable that is measured in an experiment. Placed on
the y-axis (vertical) on a graph.
-Scientific theory - -Must be repeatable. Possible to be disproved and capable of
change.
-Sampling and Sample Size - -Random sampling is the preferred, but isn't always
possible. A large sample will yield the most accurate information.
-Manipulating Variables - -Only one variable should be manipulated at a time.
-Control variable - -A factor that is held constant to test the relative impact of an
independent variable
-Response to Lab Accident - -In most cases, 911 should be called immediately.
-Response to Fire in a Beaker or Flask - -Do not use a fire extinguisher. Just place a
watch glass or wet towel over it to cut off Oxygen supply.
-Guidelines for Dissections - -Specimens should be rinsed before using. Latex glover
preferred. Avoid use of formaldehyde/dispose of correctly. Need to provide
alternative for students with moral objections to assingment.
-Storing Lab Chemicals - -Store all in secured, dry area. Acids locked in separate
area.
-Origin of Biological Sciences - -Traced back to ancient Greeks (i.e. Aristotle)
-Andrea Vesalius - -Dissected human bodies; created a book on anatomy
-Anton van Leeuwenhoek - -Father of Microscopy, first to see and describe bacteria,
yeast plants, and microscopic life found in water
-Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - -Instead of a light, a beam of electrons pass
through specimen. Resolution about 1,000 times greater than light microscope. Will
kill specimen though.
-Robert Hooke - -Famous for Hook's law describing elasticity. But called a
"virtuoso", able to contribute findings to any major field in science
, -Carl Von Linnaeus - -Famous for binomial system of nomenclature. Each living
organism has two names, a genus and species. Considered father of modern
ecology and taxonomy
-Pasteur - -Discovered role of microorganisms in the cause of disease,
pasteurization, and rabies vaccine.
-Koch's Postulates - -Specific diseases caused by specific pathogens
-Cell theory - -Cell is the common structural unit in plants and animals. Proposed by
Mattias Scheleiden and Schwann.
-Watson and Crick - -Discovered the structure of DNA was a double helix (in the
1950s). Made it possible to understand how DNA replicated and synthesized
proteins
-Commonalities Among all Sciences - -- Systems, order, and organization
- Evidence, models, and explanation
- Constancy, change, and measurement
- Evolution and equilibrium
- Form and function
-Empirical Evidence - -All evidence is empirical; all evidence must be observed by
the five sense.
-Peer-reviewed Journals - -Most accepted source for information on scientific
experiments and studies
-Air Pollution - -Chemicals in the air; include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
-Water Pollution - -Contaminants enter water by ground runoff or by leaching
-Thermal pollution - -Factories dump water at high temperatures which increases
normal water temperatures. This means the water can hold less gas, disrupting the
ecosystem
-Greenhouse gasses - -I.e. carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Concentration of them
is increased by burning fossil fuels. These gasses absorb and trap heat, therefore
warming the planet
-Acid ran - -Sulfur and nitrous oxides converted to acids and contaminate water
supplies
-Prokaryotes - -Single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound
nucleus
-Flagella - -Appendages on bacteria cells; used for movement
-Pili - -Used by bacteria cells to attach to other cells
, -Cell Wall - -a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
-Cell membrane - -a phospholipid layer that covers a cell's surface and acts as a
barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment
-Eukaryotes - -organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane bound
organelles
-Nucleus - -a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
-Nucleolus - -The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially
assembled, located in the nucleus
-Ribosomes - -site of protein synthesis
-Endoplasmic Reticulum - -an internal membrane system in which components of
cell membrane and some proteins are constructed
-Golgi apparatus - -stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
-Lysosomes - -An organelle containing digestive enzymes; found mostly in animal
cells
-Mitochondria - -Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
-Plastids - -Include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts); only
found in photosynthetic organisms
-Vacuoles - -saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins,
and carbohydrates
-Cytoskeleton - -network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell
maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement; made up of
microtubles, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
-Archaea - -Single-celled, no nucleus, Live in harsh condisions, oldest organisms on
earth
-Animal vs Plant Cells - -Animal cells have centrioles (plant cells dont). Plant cells
have cell walls and chloroplasts (animal cells dont)
-Protists - -Single celled eukaryotes; include amoeba, paramecium, and euglena
-Bacteria - -Simplest microorganisms; have a cell wall, but no nucleus, most don't
have chlorophyll, so they don't make their own food
