ASB 222 Ancient Cities and Lost Tribes: Module 2 Exam Questions And Answers

Social Learning and Lithics - ANS making stone tools activates the same part of the brain as communication; making stone tools is a learned social behavior that was shared between early hominids. bifacial flaking - ANS Flakes struck from two sides of a tool to create a cutting edge Pleistocene - ANS The most recent epoch of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age, beginning about 1.8 million years ago and marked by as many as 20 glaciations and interglaciations of which the current warm phase, the Holocene epoch, has witnessed the rise of human civilization. glacial period - ANS a period of ice advance associated with falling temperatures Out of Africa Evidence 1 - ANS Dmanisi, Georgia first out of africa, here are found a series of craniums and tools from early homo Out of Africa Evidence 2 - ANS in Flores, Indonesia there was a group of early hominids that suffered from island dwarfism 18,000 years ago isolated survivor of first migration out of Africa pleistocene technologies - ANS watercraft 2nd human diaspora - ANS second migration out of Africa 200,000 years ago to sahul and new Guinea hunter-gatherers - ANS People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive Early Homo - ANS is the hominid group from which modern humans were probably descended ethno-linguistic group - ANS A group of people who share a common language and culture Homo erectus - ANS "Upright man" these hominids became skillful hunters and invented more sophisticated tools for digging, scraping and cutting. They also became the first hominids to migrate from Africa. Also were the first to use fire. Acheulean - ANS Lower Paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. erectus Homo heidelbergensis - ANS A transitional species between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens Atapuerca - ANS Human remains found in caves, 900,000 years ago, Spain, Discovered possible intentional burial, earlier than neanderthals experimental archaeology - ANS the study of past behavioral processes through experimental reconstruction under carefully controlled scientific conditions Neanderthals - ANS Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European variant of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago. Pinnacle Point - ANS A site on the southern coast of South Africa that has produced evidence that mollusks, shellfish were part of the diet of modern humans as early as 160,000 years ago. longest record of archaeological settlements Silcrete - ANS soil formed when the surface sand and gravel are cemented by dissolved silica first stone on record to be heated to make tools Ochre - ANS an earthy pigment containing ferric oxide, typically with clay, varying from light yellow to brown or red. used for decorative cultural symbology and paint lithic technology - ANS a broad array of techniques and styles to produce usable tools from various types of stone knapping - ANS the process of manufacturing stone tools flakes - ANS small pieces of stone that break off during knapping Cores - ANS large piece of rock that comes from the center of a stone that has been knapped. biocultural evolution - ANS Phase of human evolution in which cultural events affect natural selection Sahul - ANS The landmass that encompassed Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea during periods of low sea level Beringia - ANS A land bridge thought to have connected what are now Siberia and Alaska. The Americas - ANS The two American continents: The western hemisphere Megafauna - ANS General term for the large game animals hunted by pre-Holocene and early Holocene humans extinction events - ANS Periods of sudden change when thousands or millions of species were just wiped out. theories of ecological consequences of globalization - ANS neanderthal extinction otzi - ANS complex recipe technology - ANS complex multi step production techniques that early humans shares such as firing silcrete to create weapons Blombos Cave, South Africa - ANS Cave site with evidence of art and Homo sapiens-style artifacts dating to as early as 75,000 years ago. Olorgesailie - ANS East Africa 650,000 years ago (homo erectus) evidence of hunting (giant gelada baboons- lots of extinct monkeys and hand axes found*) Gesher Benot Ya'aqov - ANS Most recent evidence of fire use from this site invIsrael at 790-690,000 years. These are clusters of burned stone artifacts in what are considered to be hearths.