Test Bank for Basic Nutrition and Diet

Test Bank for Basic Nutrition and Diet 1-a-hydroxylase - ANSWER-The enzyme in the kidneys that catalyzes the hydroxylation reaction of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to calcitriol, which is the active form of vitamin D; 1-⬆️-hydroxylase activity is increased by parathyroid hormone when blood calcium levels are low .Absorption - ANSWER-The process by which nutrients are taken into the cells that line the gastrointestinal tract .Acetone - ANSWER-A major ketone compound that results from fat breakdown for energy in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes .Achalasia - ANSWER-A disorder of the esophagus in which the muscles of the tube fail to relax, thereby inhibiting normal swallowing .Acidic or alkaline diets - ANSWER-Diets based on the theory that diets high in acidic foods will disrupt the body's normal pH balance, which is slightly alkaline .Acidosis - ANSWER-A blood pH of less than 7.35; respiratory acidosis is caused by an accumulation of carbon dioxide (an acid); metabolic acidosis may be caused by a variety of conditions that result in the excess accumulation of acids in the body or by a significant loss of bicarbonate (a base) .Adipocytes - ANSWER-Fat cells .Adipose - ANSWER-Fat stored in the cells of adipose (fatty) tissue .Adipose tissue - ANSWER-The storage site for excess fat .Aerobic capacity - ANSWER-A state in which oxygen is required to proceed; milliliters of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute as influenced by body composition .Aldosterone - ANSWER-A hormone of the adrenal glands that acts on the distal nephron tubule to stimulate the reabsorption of sodium in an ion exchange with potassium .Aldosteronoma - ANSWER-The excess secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex; symptoms and complications include sodium retention, potassium wasting, alkalosis, weakness, paralysis, polyuria, polydipsia, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias .Alkalosis - ANSWER-A blood pH of more than 7.45; respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation and an excess loss of carbon dioxide; metabolic alkalosis is seen with extensive vomiting in which a significant amount of hydrochloric acid is lost and bicarbonate (a base) is secreted .Allergens - ANSWER-Food proteins that elicit an immune system response or an allergic reaction; symptoms may include itching, swelling, hives, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing as well as anaphylaxis in the worst cases .Allergy - ANSWER-A state of hypersensitivity to particular substances in the environment that works on the body tissues to produce problems in the functioning of the affected tissues .Alpha-linolenic acid - ANSWER-An essentially fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms and three double bonds; found in soybean, canola, and flaxseed oil .Amenorrhea - ANSWER-The absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age .Amenorrheic - ANSWER-The absence of abnormal cessation of the menses .Amino acids - ANSWER-The nitrogen-bearing compounds that form the structural units of protein .Aminopeptidase - ANSWER-A specific protein-splitting enzyme secreted by glands in the walls of the small intestine that breaks off the nitrogen-containing amino end of the peptide chain, thereby producing smaller-chained peptides and free amino acids .Anabolism - ANSWER-The metabolic process of building large substances from smaller parts .Anaerobic - ANSWER-A microorganism that can live and grow in an oxygen-free environment .Anaphylaxis - ANSWER-A severe and sometimes fatal allergic reaction that results from exposure to a protein that the body perceives as foreign and that elicits a systemic response that involved multiple organs .Anemia - ANSWER-A blood condition that is characterized by a deceased number of circulating red blood cells, decreased hemoglobin, or both .Anencephaly - ANSWER-A neural tube defect in which the brain does not form .Anencephaly - ANSWER-The congenital absence of the brain that results from the incomplete closure of the upper end of the neural tube .Angina pectoris - ANSWER-A spasmodic, choking chest pain caused by a lack of oxygen to the heart; this is a symptom of a heart attack, and it also may be caused be severe effort or excitement .Anorexia nervous - ANSWER-An extreme psychophysiologic aversion to food that results in life-threatening weight loss; a psychiatric eating disorder that results from a morbid fear of fatness in which a persons distorted body image is reflected as fat when the body is malnourished and extremely thin a s a result of self-starvation .Anthropometric measurements - ANSWER-The physical measurements of the human body that are used for health assessment, including height, weight, skin fold thickness, and circumference .Antibody - ANSWER-Any of numerous protein molecules produced by B cells as a primary immune defense for attaching to specific related antigens .Antidiuretic hormone - ANSWER-A hormone of the pituitary gland that acts on the distal nephron tubule to conserve water by reabsorption; also called vasopressin .Antigen - ANSWER-Any foreign or non-self substance that trigger the production of antibodies that are specifically designed to counteract their activity