Test Bank for An Introduction to Theories of Learnin
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g, 10e Matthew Olson (All Chapters)
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CHAPTER#1#(*#-#Correct#Answer)
1. Most#psychologists#reject#dictionary#definitions#of#learning#because:
a. the#definitions#are#too#objective
b. the#definitions#tend#to#be#behavioristic
c. *#the#definitions#are#nebulous
d. learning#is#not#definable
2. The#Skinnerians#oppose#equating#the#terms#"reward"#and#"reinforcement"#because:
a. *#reinforcers#strengthen#behavior#whereas#rewards#do#not
b. organisms#must#invest#considerable#time#and#energy#to#obtain#reinforcers#but#not#t
o#obtain#rewards
c. only#reinforcers#are#given#or#received#in#recognition#of#worthy#behavior
d. rewards#strengthen#behavior#whereas#reinforcers#do#not
3. To#attribute#a#behavioral#change#to#learning,#the#change#must#be#all#of#the#following#e
xcept:
a. relatively#permanent
b. the#result#of#experience
c. observed#in#performance
d. *#the#result#of#maturation
4. We#can#make#inferences#concerning#the#learning#process#by#studying:
a. *#changes#in#behavior
b. the#mind
c. acquired#knowledge
d. motivational#states
5. According#to#most#learning#theorists#the#learning#process:
a. cannot#be#studied#objectively
b. cannot#be#studied#at#all
c. *#can#be#studied#only#indirectly#through#changes#in#behavior
d. can#be#studied#directly
6. For#most#learning#theorists,#learning#is#thought#of#as#a(n):
a. independent#variable
b. dependent#variable
c. *#intervening#variable
d. extraneous#variable
7. Short#term#memory#refers#to:
a. learning#that#occurs#very#rapidly
, b. information#that#is#learned#in#a#short#time#but#is#lost#over#a#long#period#of#time
c. remembering#how#to#do#something#you#have#not#done#for#awhile
d. *#remembering#an#experience#for#only#a#short#time#after#termination#of#the#e
xperience
8. Sensitization#is:
a. the#development#of#an#awareness#of#the#needs#of#other#people
b. *#the#tendency#to#be#more#responsive#to#the#environment#following#an#arousing#e
xperience
c. the#gradual#formation#of#a#strong#habit
d. the# tendency#to#be#less#responsive#to#a#stimulus#after#prolonged#exposure#to#that#s
timulus
9. After#entering#a#room#and#being#distracted#by#the#smell#of#a#strong#perfume,#a#person#e
ventually#no#longer#notices#it.# This#is#an#example#of:
a. *#habituation
b. sensitization
c. selective#perception
d. avoidance#conditioning
10. The#following#diagram#exemplifies#which#of#the#following?
A. Stimulus1 ---------------- >#No#Response
B. An#arousing#experience
C. Stimulus1 --------------- >#Response
a. habituation
b. *#sensitization
c. selective#perception
d. conditioning
11. Performance:
a. is#the#same#as#learning
b. *#is#the#translation#of#learning#into#behavior
c. is#independent#of#learning
d. can#be#either#mental#or#behavioral
12. An#unlearned#response#to#a#specific#stimulus#exemplifies#a(n):
a. conditioned#reflex
b. sensitization
c. *#reflex
d. instinct
13. Which#of#the#following#terms#is#currently#being#used#instead#of#the#term#instinct?
a. *#species-specific#behavior
b. self-motivated#behavior
c. imprinting
d. unlearned#behavior
,14. The#rapid#formation#of#an#attachment#between#an#organism#and#an#environmental#object#t
hat#occurs#during#a#critical#period#is#called:
a. conditioning
b. *#imprinting
c. learning
d. modeling
15. Cuckoo#birds#lay#their#eggs#in#the#nest#of#other#birds.#This#is#an#example#of:
a. learning
b. performance
c. *#species-specific#behavior
d. imprinting
16. An#experimental#arrangement#whereby#an#organism#can#avoid#experiencing#an#aversive#s
timulus#by#engaging#in#appropriate#behavior#is#called:
a. classical#conditioning
b. escape#conditioning
c. *#avoidance#conditioning
d. sign#learning
17. In#general,#it#is#through# that#we#learn#how#to#acquire#desirable#objects:
a. escape#conditioning
b. *#instrumental#conditioning
c. classical#conditioning
d. more#than#one#of#the#above
18. The#trend#among#learning#theorists#has#been#to#accept#a#definition#of#learning#that:
a. *#refers#to#changes#in#observable#behavior#or#in#behavior#potentiality
b. contains#subjective#terms
c. refers#to#physiological#changes
d. is#similar#to#those#found#in#dictionaries
19. Learning#has#been#demonstrated#when#a#behavior#change#is:
a. transitory
b. fixed
c. *#relatively#permanent
d. translated#into#thinking
20. You#have#an#ability#to#perform#an#act#(such#as#skiing)#although#the#act#is#not#being#p
erformed#at#the#present#time.# This#latent#ability#is#defined#as:
a. *#behavior#potential
b. instinct
c. covert#behavior
d. unlearned#behavior
, 21. According#to#Skinner,#such#things#as#medals,#academic#degrees,#and#trophies#exemplify:
a. reinforcers
b. *#rewards
c. both#rewards#and#reinforcers
d. none#of#the#above
22. While#studying#behavior,#we#make#inferences#concerning#the#process#believed#to#be#the#c
ause#of#the#behavioral#changes#we#are#observing.# That#inferred#process#is:
a. thinking
b. *#learning
c. performance
d. an#independent#variable
23. Habituation#is:
a. the#gradual#formation#of#a#strong#habit
b. *#the#decreased#tendency#to#respond#to#a#stimulus#that#results#from#prolonged#e
xposure#to#that#stimulus
c. the#tendency#to#be#more#responsive#to#the#environment#following#an#arousing#e
xperience
d. an#unlearned#response#to#a#specific#stimulus
24. After#experiencing#an#automobile#accident,#a#person#is#more#responsive#to#automobile#
horns#than#before#the#accident.# This#is#an#example#of:
a. habituation
b. *#sensitization
c. selective#perception
d. avoidance#conditioning
25. The#following#diagram#exemplifies#which#of#the#following?
A. Stimulus1 ------------- >Response
B. Prolonged#experience#with#stimulus1
C. Stimulus1 ------------- >No#response
a. *#habituation
b. sensitization
c. selective#perception
d. conditioning
26. Sneezing#in#response#to#a#tickling#in#one's#nose#is#an#example#of:
a. complex#behavior
b. *#reflexive#behavior
c. classical#conditioning
d. learning
# # # # # # # #
g, 10e Matthew Olson (All Chapters)
# # # # #
CHAPTER#1#(*#-#Correct#Answer)
1. Most#psychologists#reject#dictionary#definitions#of#learning#because:
a. the#definitions#are#too#objective
b. the#definitions#tend#to#be#behavioristic
c. *#the#definitions#are#nebulous
d. learning#is#not#definable
2. The#Skinnerians#oppose#equating#the#terms#"reward"#and#"reinforcement"#because:
a. *#reinforcers#strengthen#behavior#whereas#rewards#do#not
b. organisms#must#invest#considerable#time#and#energy#to#obtain#reinforcers#but#not#t
o#obtain#rewards
c. only#reinforcers#are#given#or#received#in#recognition#of#worthy#behavior
d. rewards#strengthen#behavior#whereas#reinforcers#do#not
3. To#attribute#a#behavioral#change#to#learning,#the#change#must#be#all#of#the#following#e
xcept:
a. relatively#permanent
b. the#result#of#experience
c. observed#in#performance
d. *#the#result#of#maturation
4. We#can#make#inferences#concerning#the#learning#process#by#studying:
a. *#changes#in#behavior
b. the#mind
c. acquired#knowledge
d. motivational#states
5. According#to#most#learning#theorists#the#learning#process:
a. cannot#be#studied#objectively
b. cannot#be#studied#at#all
c. *#can#be#studied#only#indirectly#through#changes#in#behavior
d. can#be#studied#directly
6. For#most#learning#theorists,#learning#is#thought#of#as#a(n):
a. independent#variable
b. dependent#variable
c. *#intervening#variable
d. extraneous#variable
7. Short#term#memory#refers#to:
a. learning#that#occurs#very#rapidly
, b. information#that#is#learned#in#a#short#time#but#is#lost#over#a#long#period#of#time
c. remembering#how#to#do#something#you#have#not#done#for#awhile
d. *#remembering#an#experience#for#only#a#short#time#after#termination#of#the#e
xperience
8. Sensitization#is:
a. the#development#of#an#awareness#of#the#needs#of#other#people
b. *#the#tendency#to#be#more#responsive#to#the#environment#following#an#arousing#e
xperience
c. the#gradual#formation#of#a#strong#habit
d. the# tendency#to#be#less#responsive#to#a#stimulus#after#prolonged#exposure#to#that#s
timulus
9. After#entering#a#room#and#being#distracted#by#the#smell#of#a#strong#perfume,#a#person#e
ventually#no#longer#notices#it.# This#is#an#example#of:
a. *#habituation
b. sensitization
c. selective#perception
d. avoidance#conditioning
10. The#following#diagram#exemplifies#which#of#the#following?
A. Stimulus1 ---------------- >#No#Response
B. An#arousing#experience
C. Stimulus1 --------------- >#Response
a. habituation
b. *#sensitization
c. selective#perception
d. conditioning
11. Performance:
a. is#the#same#as#learning
b. *#is#the#translation#of#learning#into#behavior
c. is#independent#of#learning
d. can#be#either#mental#or#behavioral
12. An#unlearned#response#to#a#specific#stimulus#exemplifies#a(n):
a. conditioned#reflex
b. sensitization
c. *#reflex
d. instinct
13. Which#of#the#following#terms#is#currently#being#used#instead#of#the#term#instinct?
a. *#species-specific#behavior
b. self-motivated#behavior
c. imprinting
d. unlearned#behavior
,14. The#rapid#formation#of#an#attachment#between#an#organism#and#an#environmental#object#t
hat#occurs#during#a#critical#period#is#called:
a. conditioning
b. *#imprinting
c. learning
d. modeling
15. Cuckoo#birds#lay#their#eggs#in#the#nest#of#other#birds.#This#is#an#example#of:
a. learning
b. performance
c. *#species-specific#behavior
d. imprinting
16. An#experimental#arrangement#whereby#an#organism#can#avoid#experiencing#an#aversive#s
timulus#by#engaging#in#appropriate#behavior#is#called:
a. classical#conditioning
b. escape#conditioning
c. *#avoidance#conditioning
d. sign#learning
17. In#general,#it#is#through# that#we#learn#how#to#acquire#desirable#objects:
a. escape#conditioning
b. *#instrumental#conditioning
c. classical#conditioning
d. more#than#one#of#the#above
18. The#trend#among#learning#theorists#has#been#to#accept#a#definition#of#learning#that:
a. *#refers#to#changes#in#observable#behavior#or#in#behavior#potentiality
b. contains#subjective#terms
c. refers#to#physiological#changes
d. is#similar#to#those#found#in#dictionaries
19. Learning#has#been#demonstrated#when#a#behavior#change#is:
a. transitory
b. fixed
c. *#relatively#permanent
d. translated#into#thinking
20. You#have#an#ability#to#perform#an#act#(such#as#skiing)#although#the#act#is#not#being#p
erformed#at#the#present#time.# This#latent#ability#is#defined#as:
a. *#behavior#potential
b. instinct
c. covert#behavior
d. unlearned#behavior
, 21. According#to#Skinner,#such#things#as#medals,#academic#degrees,#and#trophies#exemplify:
a. reinforcers
b. *#rewards
c. both#rewards#and#reinforcers
d. none#of#the#above
22. While#studying#behavior,#we#make#inferences#concerning#the#process#believed#to#be#the#c
ause#of#the#behavioral#changes#we#are#observing.# That#inferred#process#is:
a. thinking
b. *#learning
c. performance
d. an#independent#variable
23. Habituation#is:
a. the#gradual#formation#of#a#strong#habit
b. *#the#decreased#tendency#to#respond#to#a#stimulus#that#results#from#prolonged#e
xposure#to#that#stimulus
c. the#tendency#to#be#more#responsive#to#the#environment#following#an#arousing#e
xperience
d. an#unlearned#response#to#a#specific#stimulus
24. After#experiencing#an#automobile#accident,#a#person#is#more#responsive#to#automobile#
horns#than#before#the#accident.# This#is#an#example#of:
a. habituation
b. *#sensitization
c. selective#perception
d. avoidance#conditioning
25. The#following#diagram#exemplifies#which#of#the#following?
A. Stimulus1 ------------- >Response
B. Prolonged#experience#with#stimulus1
C. Stimulus1 ------------- >No#response
a. *#habituation
b. sensitization
c. selective#perception
d. conditioning
26. Sneezing#in#response#to#a#tickling#in#one's#nose#is#an#example#of:
a. complex#behavior
b. *#reflexive#behavior
c. classical#conditioning
d. learning
