MEDSURGl Certificationl Examl VERSIONl
3l (NEWl 2025/l 2026l Update)l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)
QUESTION
Thel inabilityl tol reachl thel toiletl onl timel duel tol environmentall barriersl orl disorientationl
tol placel isl knownl as:
A.l Urgel incontinence
B.l Functionall incontinence
C.l Stressl incontinence
Dl Overflowl incontinence
Answer:
l Functionall incontinence
Rationale:l Urinaryl incontinencel isl definedl asl thel involuntaryl lossl ofl urinel inl sufficientl
amountsl orl frequencyl tol constitutesl al sociall and/orl healthl problem.l Therel arel fivel typesl
ofl incontinence:l functional,l stress,l urge,l overflow,l andl mixedl incontinence.l Functionall
incontinencel isl thel inabilityl tol reachl thel toiletl onl timel duel tol environmentall barriersl orl
disorientationl tol place.l Thesel patientsl arel potentiallyl continentl individualsl whol cannotl
orl willl notl reachl thel toiletl inl time.l Treatmentl isl aimedl atl establishingl al toiletingl
schedule,l usel ofl al bedsidel commode,l provisionl ofl physicall assistance,l andl staffl training.
Stressl incontinencel isl thel leakagel ofl urinel withl increasedl intra-abdominall pressure,l oftenl
occurringl withl coughing,l sneezing,l orl lifting.l Urgel incontinencel isl involuntaryl
incontinencel thatl occursl soonl afterl al strongl sensel ofl urgencyl tol void.l Overflowl
incontinencel resultsl froml impairedl bladderl neuromusculaturel andl occursl whenl thel
bladderl becomesl overdistended.l Mixedl incontinencel isl al combinationl ofl stressl andl urgel
incontinence.
QUESTION
Forl al patientl withl chronicl obstructivel pulmonaryl disease,l whichl ofl thel followingl
nursingl interventionsl wouldl helpl maintainl al patentl airway?l
A.l Enforcingl strictl bedrest
B.l Administeringl prescribedl sedativesl regularlyl andl inl largel amounts
,C.l Restrictingl fluidl intakel tol 1,000l mL/day
D.l Teachingl thel patientl howl tol performl controlledl coughing
Answer:
l Teachingl thel patientl howl tol performl controlledl coughing
Rationale:l Controlledl coughingl helpsl maintainl al patentl airwayl byl helpingl tol mobilizel
andl removel secretions.
Al moderatel fluidl intakel (usuallyl 2,000-3.000l mL/day)l andl moderatel activityl helpl
liquefyl andl mobilizel secretions.l Bedl restl andl sedativesl mayl limitl thel patient'sl abilityl tol
maintainl al patentl airway,l causingl al highl riskl forl infectionl froml pooledl secretions.
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl respiratoryl conditionsl isl notl knownl tol bel causedl byl al SARS-
CoV-2l infection?l
A.l Acutel respiratoryl distressl syndromel (ARDS)
B.l Pneumonia
C.l Pulmonaryl embolism
D.l Emphysema
Answer:
l Emphysema
Rationale:l SARS-CoV-2l isl thel virusl thatl causesl COVID-19.l Thisl conditionl isl knownl tol
causel pneumonial andl ARDS.l COVID-19l alsol causesl hypercoagulopathyl thatl canl leadl tol
thel developmentl ofl pulmonaryl embolisms.
Whilel emphysemal putsl someonel withl COVID-19l atl greaterl riskl ofl respiratoryl
complications,l emphysemal isl notl knownl tol bel causedl byl COVID-19.
QUESTION
Whatl isl thel mostl commonl complicationl thatl occursl inl insulin-treatedl patients?l
A.l Hypoglycemia
B.l Peripherall neuropathy
C.l Kidneyl Disease
D.l Diabeticl Ketoacidosisl (DKA)
Answer:
l A.l Hypoglycemia
Rationale:l Hypoglycemial (lowl bloodl sugar)l isl thel mostl frequentlyl seenl complicationl inl
diabeticl patientsl treatedl withl insulin.l Itl alsol occursl inl patientsl treatedl withl orall
,sulfonylureasl andl combinationl therapyl (insulinl andl orall medications).l Generall causesl ofl
hypoglycemial includel omittingl mealsl andl snacks,l exercisel withl inadequatel foodl intake,l
andl errorsl inl medicationl dose.l Typically,l treatmentl involvesl thel 15/15l rule:l eatl 15l
gramsl ofl fast-actingl carbohydratesl andl waitl 15l minutes.l Repeatl asl needed,l untill bloodl
glucosel levelsl arel greaterl thanl 70l mg/dL.
DKAl isl al lessl commonl acutel complicationl inl insulin-treatedl patients,l inl whichl thel
bodyl producesl excessl bloodl ketonesl whenl therel isn'tl enoughl insulinl inl thel body.l
Kidneyl diseasel andl peripherall neuropathyl arel chronicl complicationsl ofl diabetes,l butl notl
asl commonl asl hypoglycemia.
QUESTION
Youl arel assessingl al patient'sl lungl soundsl andl notel bronchovesicularl wheezingl onl
expiration.l Whichl ofl thel followingl conditionsl isl thisl typel ofl breathl soundl mostl likelyl
tol bel associatedl with?l
A.l Heartl Failure
B.l Anaphylaxis
C.l Asthma
D.l Pneumonia
Answer:
l Asthma
Rationale:l Asthmal causesl wheezingl inl thel bronchovesicularl areasl thatl isl primarilyl
presentl onl expiration.l Thisl isl duel tol constrictionl orl edemal inl thel smalll airways.
Heartl failurel causesl coarsel cracklesl thatl mayl bel presentl onl bothl inspirationl andl
expiration,l butl arel morel oftenl associatedl withl inspirationl andl arel almostl alwaysl
vesicularl andl dependent.l Pneumonial isl alsol likelyl tol causel coarsel orl finel crackles,l butl
thesel arel typicallyl limitedl tol thel affectedl lobel andl arel normallyl morel vesicularl inl
nature.l Anaphylaxisl doesl causel wheezingl froml airwayl contractions.l Thisl wheezingl
primarilyl affectsl thel upperl airwaysl andl wouldl bel morel bronchial,l whilel
bronchovesicularl wheezingl wouldl bel morel likelyl withl asthma.
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl diagnosticl studiesl isl consideredl thel "goldl standard"l forl
diagnosingl osteoporosis?l
A.l Xray
B.l CTl scan
C.l MRI
D.l DEXA
, Answer:
l DEXA
Rationale:l Duall energyl x-rayl absorptiometryl (DEXA)l isl thel goldl standardl forl diagnosisl
ofl osteoporosis.l Thel resultsl arel reportedl asl al T-score,l thel patient'sl bonel densityl
comparedl withl whatl isl normallyl expectedl inl al healthyl youngl adultl ofl thel samel sex.
Al standardl x-rayl doesl notl reveall osteoporoticl changesl untill aboutl 30%l ofl BMDl (bonel
minerall density)l isl lost.l CTl scansl andl MRIsl mayl offerl informationl notl assessedl byl
DEXA,l butl theyl arel notl recommendedl byl thel Worldl Healthl Organizationl (WHO)l forl
initiall diagnosisl ofl osteoporosis.
QUESTION
Thel nursel understandsl thatl whichl ofl thel followingl isl truel aboutl al pheochromocytoma?l
A.l Al pheochromocytomal canl causel hypertension
B.l Al pheochromocytomal isl al typel ofl tumorl thatl releasesl adenocorticotropicl hormonel
(ACTH)
C.l Al pheochromocytomal that'sl bigl enoughl shouldl bel palpatedl duringl assessmentl tol
accuratelyl determinel itsl size
D.l Al pheochromocytomal isl typel ofl benignl skinl lesionl that'sl oftenl foundl inl patientsl
withl liverl disease
Answer:
l Al pheochromocytomal canl causel hypertension
Rationale:l Hormonesl secretedl byl al pheochromocytomal canl oftenl causel hypertensionl asl
al symptom.l Pheochromocytomasl releasel epinephrine,l norepinephrine,l and/orl dopamine.
Pituitaryl tumorsl mayl releasel ACTH,l butl pheochromocytomasl dol not.l Al
pheochromocytomal isl notl al typel ofl skinl lesion,l butl al typel ofl tumorl thatl typicallyl isl
foundl inl thel adrenall glands.l Palpationl ofl pheochromocytomasl shouldl bel avoided,l asl thisl
canl stimulatel thel secretionl ofl morel hormonesl orl causel rupturel ofl anl encapsulatedl
pheochromocytoma.
QUESTION
Al patientl beginsl vomitingl darkl vomitusl withl al "coffeel ground"l appearance.l Thel nursel
recognizesl thatl whichl ofl thel followingl isl mostl likely?l
A.l Thel appearancel ofl thel vomitusl isl likelyl duel tol somethingl thel patientl ate.
B.l Thel patientl hasl beenl bleedingl internallyl forl somel time
C.l Thel patientl hasl anl acutel gastrointestinall hemorrhage.
D.l Thel patientl hasl al gastrointestinall obstruction.
3l (NEWl 2025/l 2026l Update)l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)
QUESTION
Thel inabilityl tol reachl thel toiletl onl timel duel tol environmentall barriersl orl disorientationl
tol placel isl knownl as:
A.l Urgel incontinence
B.l Functionall incontinence
C.l Stressl incontinence
Dl Overflowl incontinence
Answer:
l Functionall incontinence
Rationale:l Urinaryl incontinencel isl definedl asl thel involuntaryl lossl ofl urinel inl sufficientl
amountsl orl frequencyl tol constitutesl al sociall and/orl healthl problem.l Therel arel fivel typesl
ofl incontinence:l functional,l stress,l urge,l overflow,l andl mixedl incontinence.l Functionall
incontinencel isl thel inabilityl tol reachl thel toiletl onl timel duel tol environmentall barriersl orl
disorientationl tol place.l Thesel patientsl arel potentiallyl continentl individualsl whol cannotl
orl willl notl reachl thel toiletl inl time.l Treatmentl isl aimedl atl establishingl al toiletingl
schedule,l usel ofl al bedsidel commode,l provisionl ofl physicall assistance,l andl staffl training.
Stressl incontinencel isl thel leakagel ofl urinel withl increasedl intra-abdominall pressure,l oftenl
occurringl withl coughing,l sneezing,l orl lifting.l Urgel incontinencel isl involuntaryl
incontinencel thatl occursl soonl afterl al strongl sensel ofl urgencyl tol void.l Overflowl
incontinencel resultsl froml impairedl bladderl neuromusculaturel andl occursl whenl thel
bladderl becomesl overdistended.l Mixedl incontinencel isl al combinationl ofl stressl andl urgel
incontinence.
QUESTION
Forl al patientl withl chronicl obstructivel pulmonaryl disease,l whichl ofl thel followingl
nursingl interventionsl wouldl helpl maintainl al patentl airway?l
A.l Enforcingl strictl bedrest
B.l Administeringl prescribedl sedativesl regularlyl andl inl largel amounts
,C.l Restrictingl fluidl intakel tol 1,000l mL/day
D.l Teachingl thel patientl howl tol performl controlledl coughing
Answer:
l Teachingl thel patientl howl tol performl controlledl coughing
Rationale:l Controlledl coughingl helpsl maintainl al patentl airwayl byl helpingl tol mobilizel
andl removel secretions.
Al moderatel fluidl intakel (usuallyl 2,000-3.000l mL/day)l andl moderatel activityl helpl
liquefyl andl mobilizel secretions.l Bedl restl andl sedativesl mayl limitl thel patient'sl abilityl tol
maintainl al patentl airway,l causingl al highl riskl forl infectionl froml pooledl secretions.
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl respiratoryl conditionsl isl notl knownl tol bel causedl byl al SARS-
CoV-2l infection?l
A.l Acutel respiratoryl distressl syndromel (ARDS)
B.l Pneumonia
C.l Pulmonaryl embolism
D.l Emphysema
Answer:
l Emphysema
Rationale:l SARS-CoV-2l isl thel virusl thatl causesl COVID-19.l Thisl conditionl isl knownl tol
causel pneumonial andl ARDS.l COVID-19l alsol causesl hypercoagulopathyl thatl canl leadl tol
thel developmentl ofl pulmonaryl embolisms.
Whilel emphysemal putsl someonel withl COVID-19l atl greaterl riskl ofl respiratoryl
complications,l emphysemal isl notl knownl tol bel causedl byl COVID-19.
QUESTION
Whatl isl thel mostl commonl complicationl thatl occursl inl insulin-treatedl patients?l
A.l Hypoglycemia
B.l Peripherall neuropathy
C.l Kidneyl Disease
D.l Diabeticl Ketoacidosisl (DKA)
Answer:
l A.l Hypoglycemia
Rationale:l Hypoglycemial (lowl bloodl sugar)l isl thel mostl frequentlyl seenl complicationl inl
diabeticl patientsl treatedl withl insulin.l Itl alsol occursl inl patientsl treatedl withl orall
,sulfonylureasl andl combinationl therapyl (insulinl andl orall medications).l Generall causesl ofl
hypoglycemial includel omittingl mealsl andl snacks,l exercisel withl inadequatel foodl intake,l
andl errorsl inl medicationl dose.l Typically,l treatmentl involvesl thel 15/15l rule:l eatl 15l
gramsl ofl fast-actingl carbohydratesl andl waitl 15l minutes.l Repeatl asl needed,l untill bloodl
glucosel levelsl arel greaterl thanl 70l mg/dL.
DKAl isl al lessl commonl acutel complicationl inl insulin-treatedl patients,l inl whichl thel
bodyl producesl excessl bloodl ketonesl whenl therel isn'tl enoughl insulinl inl thel body.l
Kidneyl diseasel andl peripherall neuropathyl arel chronicl complicationsl ofl diabetes,l butl notl
asl commonl asl hypoglycemia.
QUESTION
Youl arel assessingl al patient'sl lungl soundsl andl notel bronchovesicularl wheezingl onl
expiration.l Whichl ofl thel followingl conditionsl isl thisl typel ofl breathl soundl mostl likelyl
tol bel associatedl with?l
A.l Heartl Failure
B.l Anaphylaxis
C.l Asthma
D.l Pneumonia
Answer:
l Asthma
Rationale:l Asthmal causesl wheezingl inl thel bronchovesicularl areasl thatl isl primarilyl
presentl onl expiration.l Thisl isl duel tol constrictionl orl edemal inl thel smalll airways.
Heartl failurel causesl coarsel cracklesl thatl mayl bel presentl onl bothl inspirationl andl
expiration,l butl arel morel oftenl associatedl withl inspirationl andl arel almostl alwaysl
vesicularl andl dependent.l Pneumonial isl alsol likelyl tol causel coarsel orl finel crackles,l butl
thesel arel typicallyl limitedl tol thel affectedl lobel andl arel normallyl morel vesicularl inl
nature.l Anaphylaxisl doesl causel wheezingl froml airwayl contractions.l Thisl wheezingl
primarilyl affectsl thel upperl airwaysl andl wouldl bel morel bronchial,l whilel
bronchovesicularl wheezingl wouldl bel morel likelyl withl asthma.
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl diagnosticl studiesl isl consideredl thel "goldl standard"l forl
diagnosingl osteoporosis?l
A.l Xray
B.l CTl scan
C.l MRI
D.l DEXA
, Answer:
l DEXA
Rationale:l Duall energyl x-rayl absorptiometryl (DEXA)l isl thel goldl standardl forl diagnosisl
ofl osteoporosis.l Thel resultsl arel reportedl asl al T-score,l thel patient'sl bonel densityl
comparedl withl whatl isl normallyl expectedl inl al healthyl youngl adultl ofl thel samel sex.
Al standardl x-rayl doesl notl reveall osteoporoticl changesl untill aboutl 30%l ofl BMDl (bonel
minerall density)l isl lost.l CTl scansl andl MRIsl mayl offerl informationl notl assessedl byl
DEXA,l butl theyl arel notl recommendedl byl thel Worldl Healthl Organizationl (WHO)l forl
initiall diagnosisl ofl osteoporosis.
QUESTION
Thel nursel understandsl thatl whichl ofl thel followingl isl truel aboutl al pheochromocytoma?l
A.l Al pheochromocytomal canl causel hypertension
B.l Al pheochromocytomal isl al typel ofl tumorl thatl releasesl adenocorticotropicl hormonel
(ACTH)
C.l Al pheochromocytomal that'sl bigl enoughl shouldl bel palpatedl duringl assessmentl tol
accuratelyl determinel itsl size
D.l Al pheochromocytomal isl typel ofl benignl skinl lesionl that'sl oftenl foundl inl patientsl
withl liverl disease
Answer:
l Al pheochromocytomal canl causel hypertension
Rationale:l Hormonesl secretedl byl al pheochromocytomal canl oftenl causel hypertensionl asl
al symptom.l Pheochromocytomasl releasel epinephrine,l norepinephrine,l and/orl dopamine.
Pituitaryl tumorsl mayl releasel ACTH,l butl pheochromocytomasl dol not.l Al
pheochromocytomal isl notl al typel ofl skinl lesion,l butl al typel ofl tumorl thatl typicallyl isl
foundl inl thel adrenall glands.l Palpationl ofl pheochromocytomasl shouldl bel avoided,l asl thisl
canl stimulatel thel secretionl ofl morel hormonesl orl causel rupturel ofl anl encapsulatedl
pheochromocytoma.
QUESTION
Al patientl beginsl vomitingl darkl vomitusl withl al "coffeel ground"l appearance.l Thel nursel
recognizesl thatl whichl ofl thel followingl isl mostl likely?l
A.l Thel appearancel ofl thel vomitusl isl likelyl duel tol somethingl thel patientl ate.
B.l Thel patientl hasl beenl bleedingl internallyl forl somel time
C.l Thel patientl hasl anl acutel gastrointestinall hemorrhage.
D.l Thel patientl hasl al gastrointestinall obstruction.
