NU 545 UNIT 3 FULL PRACTICE
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
What is the target organ and function of FSH? - Answer-In women:
Granulosa cells
Follicle maturation, estrogen production
in men:
Stertoli cells
Spermatogenesis
What is the target organ and function of B-Lipotropin? - Answer-Adipose cells
Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids
What is the target organ and function of B-endorphins? - Answer-Adipose cells and
brain opioid receptors
Analgesia, may regulate body temperature, food and water intake
Where are hormone receptors located? - Answer-they can be in or on the plasma
membrane of the target cell or they can be in the intracellular compartments of the
target cell
how do steroid hormones bind to their receptors? - Answer-some bind to receptor
molecules in the cytoplasm, then diffuse into nucleus. Others bind to receptors in the
nucleus.
Insulin - Answer-Anabolic hormone that promotes synthesis of proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acid
How does insulin effect skeletal muscle cells? - Answer-direct effect on skeletal muscle
cells with insulin receptors, causing increased glucose transport into those cells
*if hyponatremia is corrected too quickly, a severe neurologic syndrome (central pontine
myelinolysis) can ensue
*Demeclocycline (causes renal tubules to develop resistance to ADH. May be used to
treat resistance or chronic SIADH
*Vasopressin receptor antagonists (vaptans) may be effective in treating SIADH
,How does insulin effect mammary cells? - Answer-permissive effect of mammary cells,
facilitating the response of these cells to direct effects of prolactin
Glucagon - Answer-Produced by alpha cells of the pancreas and by some cells lining
the GI tract.
Acts primarily on the liver to increase blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis
Insulin antagonist
Amylin - Answer-peptide hormone secreted with insulin in response to nutrient stimuli.
Regulates blood glucose by delaying nutrient intake and suppressing glucagon
secretion after meals.
Has an antihyperglycemic effect through satiety
Aldosterone - Answer-Most potent of naturally occurring mineralocorticoids.
Acts to conserve sodium by increasing activity of sodium pump of epithelial cells.
In kidneys, primarily acts on epithelial cells of nephron collecting duct to increase
sodium reabsorption and increase potassium and hydrogen excretion
What is the role of calcitonin? - Answer-it lowers serum calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts
(osteoclasts break down bone releasing calcium into bloodstream)
also lowers serum phosphate levels
can decrease calcium and phosphorus absorption by the GI tract
calcitonin is used to treat which conditions? - Answer-Osteoporosis, OA, Paget bone
disease, hypercalcemia, osteogenesis imperfecta, and metastatic cancer of the bone
What is procalcitonin? - Answer-a stress hormone and precursor molecule to calcitonin
It is elevated in infectious and inflammatory disease processes
where is calcitonin produced? - Answer-produced by parafollicular cells in the thyroid
CalcitonIN - Answer-brings calcium back into the bones- decreasing serum calcium
levels
Which hormone opposes calcitonin? - Answer-PTH
what do osteoblasts do? - Answer-They build bone by taking calcium out of the blood
stream and putting it into bones
Where is TSH synthesized and what are its target cells? - Answer-TSH is a glycoprotein
hormone synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary. TSH binds with receptor sites
on the thyroid follicular cells.
What is the role of TSH? - Answer-immediate increase in release of stored thyroid
hormones
, increased iodide uptake and oxidation
increase in thyroid synthesis
increase in synthesis and secretions of prostaglandins by the thyroid
increases growth of the thyroid gland by stimulating thymocyte hyperplasia,
hypertrophy, and decreasing apoptosis.
explain the negative feedback loop for TSH - Answer-TRH is released from
hypothalamus --> anterior pituitary releases TSH -> stimulate synthesis of TH -> TH
rises causing negative feedback on hypothalamus inhibiting TRH, stops release of TSH,
and TH synthesis/release is stopped
What causes TRH levels to rise? - Answer-exposure to cold
stress
decreased T4 levels
What regulates the release of TSH? - Answer-serum levels of T3 and T4. When T3 and
T4 concentrations are low, TSH production is increased.
What is PTH? - Answer-hormone produced by parathyroid gland- single most important
hormone in regulation of serum calcium levels
what is the role of PTH? - Answer-increase serum calcium and decrease serum
phosphate
What stimulates production of PTH? - Answer-decreased serum calcium levels -
>stimulates PTH secretions -> PTH enters circulation in unbound form -> PTH attaches
to plasma membrane receptors on target tissue and is mediated by activation of the
adenylyl cyclase system
How does PTH act directly on bones? - Answer-low serum calcium stimulates secretion
of PTH which stimulates osteoblasts to release receptor activator for nuclear factor (NF-
kb), receptor activator (RANKL), and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)
which stimulates osteoclasts maturation and release of acidic enzymes (capthepsin)
which moves calcium from the bones into the blood stream.
Intermittent PTH stimulation = bone formation
continuous PTH stimulation= bone remodeling
How does PTH act on the kidneys? - Answer-by increasing calcium resorption by the
distal nephron
and decreasing phosphate (and bicarb) resorption by the proximal nephron
PTH also stimulates hydrolase 1a in the renal tubules to increase Vit D and increase
calcium resorption from the GI tract
phosphorous - Answer-mineral that combines with calcium to form bones and teeth.
Phosphate is found in all cells in your body and is absorbed with help from Vit D
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
What is the target organ and function of FSH? - Answer-In women:
Granulosa cells
Follicle maturation, estrogen production
in men:
Stertoli cells
Spermatogenesis
What is the target organ and function of B-Lipotropin? - Answer-Adipose cells
Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids
What is the target organ and function of B-endorphins? - Answer-Adipose cells and
brain opioid receptors
Analgesia, may regulate body temperature, food and water intake
Where are hormone receptors located? - Answer-they can be in or on the plasma
membrane of the target cell or they can be in the intracellular compartments of the
target cell
how do steroid hormones bind to their receptors? - Answer-some bind to receptor
molecules in the cytoplasm, then diffuse into nucleus. Others bind to receptors in the
nucleus.
Insulin - Answer-Anabolic hormone that promotes synthesis of proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acid
How does insulin effect skeletal muscle cells? - Answer-direct effect on skeletal muscle
cells with insulin receptors, causing increased glucose transport into those cells
*if hyponatremia is corrected too quickly, a severe neurologic syndrome (central pontine
myelinolysis) can ensue
*Demeclocycline (causes renal tubules to develop resistance to ADH. May be used to
treat resistance or chronic SIADH
*Vasopressin receptor antagonists (vaptans) may be effective in treating SIADH
,How does insulin effect mammary cells? - Answer-permissive effect of mammary cells,
facilitating the response of these cells to direct effects of prolactin
Glucagon - Answer-Produced by alpha cells of the pancreas and by some cells lining
the GI tract.
Acts primarily on the liver to increase blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis
Insulin antagonist
Amylin - Answer-peptide hormone secreted with insulin in response to nutrient stimuli.
Regulates blood glucose by delaying nutrient intake and suppressing glucagon
secretion after meals.
Has an antihyperglycemic effect through satiety
Aldosterone - Answer-Most potent of naturally occurring mineralocorticoids.
Acts to conserve sodium by increasing activity of sodium pump of epithelial cells.
In kidneys, primarily acts on epithelial cells of nephron collecting duct to increase
sodium reabsorption and increase potassium and hydrogen excretion
What is the role of calcitonin? - Answer-it lowers serum calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts
(osteoclasts break down bone releasing calcium into bloodstream)
also lowers serum phosphate levels
can decrease calcium and phosphorus absorption by the GI tract
calcitonin is used to treat which conditions? - Answer-Osteoporosis, OA, Paget bone
disease, hypercalcemia, osteogenesis imperfecta, and metastatic cancer of the bone
What is procalcitonin? - Answer-a stress hormone and precursor molecule to calcitonin
It is elevated in infectious and inflammatory disease processes
where is calcitonin produced? - Answer-produced by parafollicular cells in the thyroid
CalcitonIN - Answer-brings calcium back into the bones- decreasing serum calcium
levels
Which hormone opposes calcitonin? - Answer-PTH
what do osteoblasts do? - Answer-They build bone by taking calcium out of the blood
stream and putting it into bones
Where is TSH synthesized and what are its target cells? - Answer-TSH is a glycoprotein
hormone synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary. TSH binds with receptor sites
on the thyroid follicular cells.
What is the role of TSH? - Answer-immediate increase in release of stored thyroid
hormones
, increased iodide uptake and oxidation
increase in thyroid synthesis
increase in synthesis and secretions of prostaglandins by the thyroid
increases growth of the thyroid gland by stimulating thymocyte hyperplasia,
hypertrophy, and decreasing apoptosis.
explain the negative feedback loop for TSH - Answer-TRH is released from
hypothalamus --> anterior pituitary releases TSH -> stimulate synthesis of TH -> TH
rises causing negative feedback on hypothalamus inhibiting TRH, stops release of TSH,
and TH synthesis/release is stopped
What causes TRH levels to rise? - Answer-exposure to cold
stress
decreased T4 levels
What regulates the release of TSH? - Answer-serum levels of T3 and T4. When T3 and
T4 concentrations are low, TSH production is increased.
What is PTH? - Answer-hormone produced by parathyroid gland- single most important
hormone in regulation of serum calcium levels
what is the role of PTH? - Answer-increase serum calcium and decrease serum
phosphate
What stimulates production of PTH? - Answer-decreased serum calcium levels -
>stimulates PTH secretions -> PTH enters circulation in unbound form -> PTH attaches
to plasma membrane receptors on target tissue and is mediated by activation of the
adenylyl cyclase system
How does PTH act directly on bones? - Answer-low serum calcium stimulates secretion
of PTH which stimulates osteoblasts to release receptor activator for nuclear factor (NF-
kb), receptor activator (RANKL), and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)
which stimulates osteoclasts maturation and release of acidic enzymes (capthepsin)
which moves calcium from the bones into the blood stream.
Intermittent PTH stimulation = bone formation
continuous PTH stimulation= bone remodeling
How does PTH act on the kidneys? - Answer-by increasing calcium resorption by the
distal nephron
and decreasing phosphate (and bicarb) resorption by the proximal nephron
PTH also stimulates hydrolase 1a in the renal tubules to increase Vit D and increase
calcium resorption from the GI tract
phosphorous - Answer-mineral that combines with calcium to form bones and teeth.
Phosphate is found in all cells in your body and is absorbed with help from Vit D
