2025 NURS 611 MVU TEST WITH Q&A VERIFIED ANSWERS

2025 NURS 611 MVU TEST WITH Q&A VERIFIED ANSWERS It is true that a eukaryotic cell A. is smaller than a prokaryotic cell. B. contains structures called organelles. Correct C. lacks a well-defined nucleus. D. does not contain histones. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles and histones, they have a well-defined nucleus, and are larger than prokaryotic cells. The function of a histone found in a eukaryote cell focuses on cellular A. division. B. movement. C. activities. D. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) folding. Correct The histones are binding proteins that cause the supercoiling of DNA into chromosomes and do not affect cellular division, movement, or activities. An organelle that is responsible for the metabolism of cellular energy is referred to as a/an A. Golgi complex. B. mitochondrion. Correct C. endoplasmic reticulum. D. nucleolus. Mitochondria play a role in cellular metabolism, cellular respiration, and energy production. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are synthesized. The nucleolus is a small, dense structure that contains the ribonucleic acid (RNA), DNA, and DNA-binding proteins. Which statement best describes a desmosome? A. A desmosome is a barrier to diffusion. B. Desmosomes hold cells together by continuous bands. Correct C. A desmosome is a communicating tunnel. D. Desmosomes function as a zona occludens. The desmosome is a type of cell junction. The other two types include tight junctions and gap junctions. Desmosomes hold cells together by forming a continuous band of epithelial tissue or belt (or button-like) points of contact. They are also a source of structural stability. Tight junctions serve as barriers to diffusion and prevent the movement of substances through transport proteins. Gap junctions are clusters of communicating tunnels. Which statement describes the function of a second messenger? A. Binds with membrane-bound receptors via a ligand B. Triggers a cascade of intracellular events Correct C. Opens specific channels in the cell membrane Blocks a membrane-bound receptor signal The binding of a ligand to a cell surface receptor triggers the activation of intracellular second messengers. Second messengers activate signal transduction pathways in the cell that can initiate different intracellular events. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++) are the two major second-messenger pathways. First messengers are the extracellular ligands that bind to cell surface receptors. Binding of first messengers can result in the opening or closing of specific cell membrane channels or the activation of second messengers. Which statement is correct regarding cellular energy? A. Glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules. B. Oxidative cellular metabolism is a single reaction making adenosine triphosphate (ATP). C. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. Correct D. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. This is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose molecules; it produces a net of two ATP molecules. Oxidation is a process during which a pair of electrons are removed and transferred. Oxidative cellular metabolism involves 10 biochemical reactions. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic means in the presence of oxygen. Movement of a solute molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called A. diffusion. Correct B. filtration. C. osmosis. D. hydrostatic pressure. Diffusion is the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water down a concentration gradient from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. Filtration is the movement of water and solute through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane than the other. Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against a cell membrane. Which is an example of an energy-releasing process? A. Anabolism B. Catabolism Correct C. Substrate-induced reaction D. Second messenger system Catabolism is an energy-releasing process. The energy-using process is anabolism. A substrate is a specific substance that is converted to a product in the reaction. A second messenger is a "pass-it-on signal." This occurs when a first messenger activates a receptor that then triggers a pass-it-on signal. Which describes an amphipathic molecule? A. It is permeable to water only. B. It is a nonpolar molecule. C. It is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Correct D. It is a one-layered structure. The amphipathic molecule is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. A hydrophilic molecule is a charged, water-loving molecule. A hydrophobic molecule is an uncharged or water-hating molecule. A polar molecule is another name for an amphipathic molecule. Which are the roles of relay chains in signal transduction? (Select all that apply.) A. Transfer the signal Correct B. Converge the signal C. Amplify the signal Correct D. Distribute the signal Correct The functions of relay chains include transferring the signal from its reception point to another part of the cell where it is expected; amplifying the signal received and making it stronger; and distributing the signal so that it influences several processes in parallel. The signal can diverge, not converge, and be relayed to several different intracellular targets Which are functions of a protein? (Select all that apply.) A. Pores or transport channels Correct B. Enzymes that drive pumps Correct C. Cell surface markers Correct D. Synapses for cells Proteins may act as transport channels, pores, cell surface markers, enzymes that drive pumps, catalysts, and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or they may act as the key components of ATP synthesis. Synapses are the connections between two nerve cells. What is a collection of blood that is located between the skull and the dura is called? A. Epidural hematoma Correct B. Contusion C. Subdural hematoma D. Subarachnoid hemorrhage Epidural hematomas are a collection of blood between the inner surface of the skull and the dura. A contusion is a bruise or bleeding into the skin and underlying tissue. A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura and the surface of the brain. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a condition in which a cerebral arterial aneurysm ruptures. The possible diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome is supported when an infant brought to the emergency department is found to have which type of cerebral hematoma? A. Epidural B. Subdural Correct C. Subarachnoid D. Avulsion A subdural hematoma is associated with blows, falls, or sudden acceleration or deceleration of the head, such as the sudden movements that occur with shaken baby syndrome. Epidural hematomas are the result of a torn artery, often associated with a skull fracture. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a condition in which a cerebral arterial aneurysm has ruptured. An avulsion is a tear or rip in the skin, resulting when tensile strength of skin or tissue is exceeded. Which term describes oxygen failing to reach the blood? A. Suffocation Correct