WGU pathophysiology D236 Questions
with Correct Answers 2025
WhatAisAStarling'sALawAofACapillaryAforces?A
HowAdoesAthisAexplainAwhyAaAnutritionallyAdeficientAchildAwouldAhaveAedema?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-
Starling'sALawAdescribesAhowAfluidsAmoveAacrossAtheAcapillaryAmembrane.AThereAareAtwo
AmajorAopposingAforcesAthatAactAtoAbalanceAeachAother,AhydrostaticApressureA(pushingAwa
terAoutAofAtheAcapillaries)AandAosmoticApressureA(includingAonconticApressure,AwhichApush
esAfluidAintoAtheAcapillaries).A
BothAelectrolytesAandAproteinsA(onconticApressure)AinAtheAbloodAaffectAosmoticApressure,A
highAelectrolyteAandAproteinAconcentrationsAinAtheAbloodAwouldAcauseAwaterAtoAleaveAtheA
cellsAandAinterstitialAspaceAandAenterAtheAbloodAstreamAtoAdiluteAtheAhighAconcentrations.A
On,AtheAotherAhand,AlowAelectrolyteAandAproteinAconcentrationsA(asAseenAinAaAnutritionallyA
deficientAchild)AwouldAcauseAwaterAtoAleaveAtheAcapillariesAandAenterAtheAcellsAandAintersti
tialAfluidAwhichAcanAleadAtoAedema.
HowAdoesAtheARAASA(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteroneASystem)AresultAinAincreasedAbloodAvolumeAandAincreasedAbloodApressure?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-
AAdropAinAbloodApressureAisAsensedAbyAtheAkidneysAbyAlowAperfusion,AwhichAinAturnAbegins
AtoAsecreteArenin.A
ReninAthenAtriggersAtheAliverAtoAproduceAangiotensinogen,AwhichAisAconvertedAtoAAngioten
sinAIAinAtheAlungsAandAthenAangiotensinAIIAbyAtheAenzymeA
Angiotensin-
convertingAenzymeA(ACE).AAngiotensinAIIAstimulatesAperipheralAarterialAvasoconstrictionA
whichAraisesABP.A
AngiotensinAIIAisAalsoAstimulatingAtheAadrenalAglandAtoAreleaseAaldosterone,AwhichAactsAto
AincreaseAsodiumAandAwaterAreabsorptionAincreasingAbloodAvolume,AwhileAalsoAincreasedA
potassiumAsecretionAinAurine.
HowAcanAhyperkalemiaAleadAtoAcardiacAarrest?A-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
NormalAlevelsAofApotassiumAareAbetweenA3.5AandA5.2AmEq/dL.AHyperkalemiaArefersAtoApo
tassiumAlevelsAhigherAthatA5.2AmEq/dL.A
AAmajorAfunctionAofApotassiumAisAtoAconductAnerveAimpulsesAinAmuscles.ATooAlowAandAmu
scleAweaknessAoccursAandAtooAmuchAcanAcauseAmuscleAspasms.A
,ThisAisAespeciallyAdangerousAinAtheAheartAmuscleAandAanAirregularAheartbeatAcanAcauseAa
AheartAattack
TheAbodyAusesAtheAProteinABufferingASystem,APhosphateABufferingASystem,AandACarboni
cAAcid-
BicarbonateASystemAtoAregulateAandAmaintainAhomeostaticApH,AwhatAisAtheAconsequence
AofAaApHAimbalanceA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
ProteinsAcontainAmanyAacidicAandAbasicAgroupAthatAcanAbeAaffectedAbyApHAchanges.AAnyAi
ncreaseAorAdecreaseAinAbloodApHAcanAalterAtheAstructureAofAtheAproteinA(denature),Athereb
yAaffectingAitsAfunctionAasAwell
DescribeAtheAlaboratoryAfindingsAassociatedAwithAmetabolicAacidosis,AmetabolicAalkalosis,
ArespiratoryAacidosisAandArespiratoryAalkalosis.A(ieArelativeApHAandACO2Alevels).A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-NormalAABGsA(ArterialABloodAGases)ABloodApH:A7.35-
7.45APCO2:A35-45AmmAHgAPO2:A90-100AmmAHgAHCO3-:A22-26AmEq/LASaO2:A95-100%A
RespiratoryAacidosisAandAalkalosisAareAmarkedAbyAchangesAinAPCO2.AHigherA=AacidosisAa
ndAlowerA=AalkalosisA
MetabolicAacidosisAandAalkalosisAareAcausedAbyAsomethingAotherAthanAabnormalACO2Alev
els.AThisAcouldAincludeAtoxicity,Adiabetes,ArenalAfailureAorAexcessiveAGIAlosses.A
HereAareAtheArulesAtoAfollowAtoAdetermineAifAisArespiratoryAorAmetabolicAinAnature.A-
IfApHAandAPCO2AareAmovingAinAoppositeAdirections,AthenAitAisAtheApCO2AlevelsAthatAareAca
usingAtheAimbalanceAandAitAisArespiratoryAinAnature.A
-
IfAPCO2AisAnormalAorAisAmovingAinAtheAsameAdirectionAasAtheApH,AthenAtheAimbalanceAisAm
etabolicAinAnature.
TheAanionAgapAisAtheAdifferenceAbetweenAmeasuredAcationsA(Na+AandAK+)AandAmeasured
AanionsA(Cl-AandAHCO3-
),AthisAcalculationAcanAbeAusefulAinAdeterminingAtheAcauseAofAmetabolicAacidosis.A
WhyAwouldAanAincreasedAanionAgapAbeAobservedAinAdiabeticAketoacidosisAorAlacticAacidos
is?A-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
TheAanionAgapAisAtheAcalculationAofAunmeasuredAanionsAinAtheAblood.A
LacticAacidAandAketonesAbothAleadAtoAtheAproductionAofAunmeasuredAanions,AwhichAremov
eAHCO3-
A(aAmeasuredAanion)AdueAtoAbufferingAofAtheAexcessAH+AandAthereforeAleadsAtoAanAincreas
eAinAtheAAG.
WhyAisAitAimportantAtoAmaintainAaAhomeostaticAbalanceAofAglucoseAinAtheAbloodA(ieAdescrib
eAtheApathogenesisAofAdiabetes)?A-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
InsulinAisAtheAhormoneAresponsibleAforAinitiatingAtheAuptakeAofAglucoseAbyAtheAcells.ACellsA
useAglucoseAtoAproduceAenergyA(ATP).A
,InAaAnormalAindividual,AwhenAbloodAglucoseAincreases,AtheApancreasAisAsignaledAtoAprodu
cedAinAinsulin,AwhichAbindsAtoAinsulinAreceptorsAonAaAcellsAsurfaceAandAinitiatesAtheAuptake
AofAglucose.A
GlucoseAisAaAveryAreactiveAmoleculeAandAifAleftAinAtheAblood,AitAcanAstartAtoAbindAtoAotherApr
oteinsAandAlipids,AwhichAcanAleadAtoAlossAofAfunction.A
AGEsAareAadvancedAglycationAendAproductsAthatAareAaAresultAofAglucoseAreactingAwithAthe
AendothelialAlining,AwhichAcanAleadAtoAdamageAinAtheAheartAandAkidneys.
CompareAandAcontrastATypeAIAandATypeAIIADiabetesA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
TypeAIAdiabetesAisAcausedAbyAlackAofAinsulin.AWithAoutAinsulinAsignaling,AglucoseAwillAnotAb
eAtakenAintoAtheAcellAandAleadsAtoAhighAbloodAglucoseA(hyperglycemia).ATypeAIAisAusuallyAtr
eatedAwithAinsulinAinjections.A
TypeAIIAdiabetesAisAcausedAbyAaAdesensitizationAtoAinsulinAsignaling.ATheAinsulinAreceptors
AareAnoAlongerArespondingAtoAinsulin,AwhichAalsoAleadsAtoAhyperglycemia.A
TypeAIIAisAusuallyAtreatedAwithAdrugsAtoAincreaseAtheAsensitizationAtoAinsulinA(metformin),A
dietaryAandAlife-styleAchangesAorAinsulinAinjections.
DescribeAsomeAreasonsAforAaApatientAneedingAdialysisA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-AEIOU-
acidosis.AElectrolytes,AIntoxication/Ingestion,Aoverload,Auremia.APatientsAwithAkidneyAorAh
eartAfailure.A
AAbuildAupAofAphosphates,AureaAandAmagnesiumAareAremovedAfromAtheAbloodAusingAaAse
mi-permeableAmembraneAandAdialysate.A
AEIOU:A
A—acidosis;A
E—electrolytesAprincipallyAhyperkalemia;A
I—ingestionsAorAoverdoseAofAmedications/drugs;A
O—overloadAofAfluidAcausingAheartAfailure;A
U—uremiaAleadingAtoAencephalitis/pericarditis
CompareAandAcontrastAhemodialysisAandAperitonealAdialysis.A
WhatAareAsomeAreasonsAforAaApatientAchoosingAoneAoverAtheAother?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-
HemodialysisAusesAaAmachineAtoApumpAbloodAfromAtheAbodyAinAoneAtubeAwhileAdialysateA(
madeAofAwater,AelectrolytesAandAsalts)AisApumpedAinAtheAseparateAtubeAinAtheAoppositeAdir
ection.AWasteAfromAtheAbloodAdiffusesAthroughAtheAsemipermeableAmembraneAseparating
AtheAbloodAfromAtheAdialysate.A
PeritonealADialysisAdoesAnotAuseAaAmachine,AbutAinsteadAinjectsAaAsolutionAofAwaterAandAg
lucoseAintoAtheAabdominalAcavity.ATheAperitoneumAactsAasAtheAmembraneAinsteadAofAdialy
sisAtubing.ATheAwasteAproductsAdiffuseAintoAtheAabdominalAcavityAandAtheAwasteAsolutionAi
sAthenAdrainedAfromAtheAbody.A
, PeritonealAdialysisAoffersAcontinuousAfiltrationAandAisAlessAdisruptionAtoAtheApatient'sAdailyA
routines.AHowever,AitAdoesArequireAsomeAtrainingAofAtheApatientAandAisAnotArecommendedA
forAindividualsAwhoAareAoverweightAorAhaveAsevereAkidneyAfailure.A
HemodialysisAprovidesAmedicalAcare,AbutA3AtimesAaAweekAforAseveralAhoursAsittingAatAaAho
spitalAorAclinic.AIndividualsAwithAacuteAkidneyAfailureAareArecommendedAtoAuseAhemodialys
is.
HowAdoesAhomeostasisAandAmaintainingAoptimalAphysiologicalAhealthAimpactAyourAwellbei
ng?A-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
HomeostasisAactsAtoAcreateAaAconstantAandAstableAenvironmentAinAtheAbodyAdespiteAinter
nalAandAexternalAchanges.AProteinsAandAotherAcellularAprocessesArequireAoptimalAconditio
nsAinAorderAtoAcarryAoutAtheirAfunctions.A
AlterationsAinApH,AsaltAconcentration,Atemperature,AglucoseAlevels,Aetc.AcanAhaveAnegativ
eAeffectsAonAhealth,AsoAitAisAvitalAforAmechanismsAthatAregulateAhomeostasisAtoAfunctionApr
operlyAforAmaintainingAgoodAhealth
DifferentiateAbetweenAInnateAImmunityAandAAdaptiveAImmunityA?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-
TheAinnateAimmuneAsystemAencompassesAphysicalAbarriersAandAchemicalAandAcellularAde
fenses.APhysicalAbarriersAprotectAtheAbodyAfromAinvasion.ATheseAincludeAthingsAlikeAtheAs
kinAandAeyelashes.AChemicalAbarriersAareAdefenseAmechanismsAthatAcanAdestroyAharmful
Aagent.AExamplesAincludeAtears,Amucous,AandAstomachAacid.A
CellularAdefensesAofAtheAinnateAimmuneAresponseAareAnon-
specific.ATheseAcellularAdefensesAidentifyApathogensAandAsubstancesAthatAareApotentiallyA
dangerousAandAtakesAstepsAtoAneutralizeAorAdestroyAthem.A
AdaptiveAimmunityAisAanAorganism'sAacquiredAimmunityAtoAaAspecificApathogen.AAsAsuch,Ai
t'sAalsoAreferredAtoAasAacquiredAimmunity.AAdaptiveAimmunityAisAnotAimmediate,AnorAdoesAi
tAalwaysAlastAthroughoutAanAorganism'sAentireAlifespan,AalthoughAitAcan.A
TheAadaptiveAimmuneAresponseAisAmarkedAbyAclonalAexpansionAofATAandABAlymphocytes,A
releasingAmanyAantibodyAcopiesAtoAneutralizeAorAdestroyAtheirAtargetAantigen
WhatAisAaAwayAthatAAdaptiveAImmunityAcanArecruitAinnateAimmunity?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-
TheAinnateAimmuneAresponseAtoAmicrobesAstimulatesAadaptiveAimmuneAresponsesAandAin
fluencesAtheAnatureAofAtheAadaptiveAresponses.A
Conversely,AadaptiveAimmuneAresponsesAoftenAworkAbyAenhancingAtheAprotectiveAmecha
nismsAofAinnateAimmunity,AmakingAthemAmoreAcapableAofAeffectivelyAcombatingApathogen
icAmicrobes
WhyAareAsomeAinfectionsAharderAonAchildrenAwhileAotherAinfectionsAareAharderAonAtheAeld
erly?A-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
ChildrenAhaveAnotAbeenAexposedAtoAmanyApathogensAyet,AsoAtheyAlackAmemoryAcellsAand
AhaveAnotAbuilt-upAimmunityAyet.A
with Correct Answers 2025
WhatAisAStarling'sALawAofACapillaryAforces?A
HowAdoesAthisAexplainAwhyAaAnutritionallyAdeficientAchildAwouldAhaveAedema?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-
Starling'sALawAdescribesAhowAfluidsAmoveAacrossAtheAcapillaryAmembrane.AThereAareAtwo
AmajorAopposingAforcesAthatAactAtoAbalanceAeachAother,AhydrostaticApressureA(pushingAwa
terAoutAofAtheAcapillaries)AandAosmoticApressureA(includingAonconticApressure,AwhichApush
esAfluidAintoAtheAcapillaries).A
BothAelectrolytesAandAproteinsA(onconticApressure)AinAtheAbloodAaffectAosmoticApressure,A
highAelectrolyteAandAproteinAconcentrationsAinAtheAbloodAwouldAcauseAwaterAtoAleaveAtheA
cellsAandAinterstitialAspaceAandAenterAtheAbloodAstreamAtoAdiluteAtheAhighAconcentrations.A
On,AtheAotherAhand,AlowAelectrolyteAandAproteinAconcentrationsA(asAseenAinAaAnutritionallyA
deficientAchild)AwouldAcauseAwaterAtoAleaveAtheAcapillariesAandAenterAtheAcellsAandAintersti
tialAfluidAwhichAcanAleadAtoAedema.
HowAdoesAtheARAASA(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteroneASystem)AresultAinAincreasedAbloodAvolumeAandAincreasedAbloodApressure?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-
AAdropAinAbloodApressureAisAsensedAbyAtheAkidneysAbyAlowAperfusion,AwhichAinAturnAbegins
AtoAsecreteArenin.A
ReninAthenAtriggersAtheAliverAtoAproduceAangiotensinogen,AwhichAisAconvertedAtoAAngioten
sinAIAinAtheAlungsAandAthenAangiotensinAIIAbyAtheAenzymeA
Angiotensin-
convertingAenzymeA(ACE).AAngiotensinAIIAstimulatesAperipheralAarterialAvasoconstrictionA
whichAraisesABP.A
AngiotensinAIIAisAalsoAstimulatingAtheAadrenalAglandAtoAreleaseAaldosterone,AwhichAactsAto
AincreaseAsodiumAandAwaterAreabsorptionAincreasingAbloodAvolume,AwhileAalsoAincreasedA
potassiumAsecretionAinAurine.
HowAcanAhyperkalemiaAleadAtoAcardiacAarrest?A-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
NormalAlevelsAofApotassiumAareAbetweenA3.5AandA5.2AmEq/dL.AHyperkalemiaArefersAtoApo
tassiumAlevelsAhigherAthatA5.2AmEq/dL.A
AAmajorAfunctionAofApotassiumAisAtoAconductAnerveAimpulsesAinAmuscles.ATooAlowAandAmu
scleAweaknessAoccursAandAtooAmuchAcanAcauseAmuscleAspasms.A
,ThisAisAespeciallyAdangerousAinAtheAheartAmuscleAandAanAirregularAheartbeatAcanAcauseAa
AheartAattack
TheAbodyAusesAtheAProteinABufferingASystem,APhosphateABufferingASystem,AandACarboni
cAAcid-
BicarbonateASystemAtoAregulateAandAmaintainAhomeostaticApH,AwhatAisAtheAconsequence
AofAaApHAimbalanceA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
ProteinsAcontainAmanyAacidicAandAbasicAgroupAthatAcanAbeAaffectedAbyApHAchanges.AAnyAi
ncreaseAorAdecreaseAinAbloodApHAcanAalterAtheAstructureAofAtheAproteinA(denature),Athereb
yAaffectingAitsAfunctionAasAwell
DescribeAtheAlaboratoryAfindingsAassociatedAwithAmetabolicAacidosis,AmetabolicAalkalosis,
ArespiratoryAacidosisAandArespiratoryAalkalosis.A(ieArelativeApHAandACO2Alevels).A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-NormalAABGsA(ArterialABloodAGases)ABloodApH:A7.35-
7.45APCO2:A35-45AmmAHgAPO2:A90-100AmmAHgAHCO3-:A22-26AmEq/LASaO2:A95-100%A
RespiratoryAacidosisAandAalkalosisAareAmarkedAbyAchangesAinAPCO2.AHigherA=AacidosisAa
ndAlowerA=AalkalosisA
MetabolicAacidosisAandAalkalosisAareAcausedAbyAsomethingAotherAthanAabnormalACO2Alev
els.AThisAcouldAincludeAtoxicity,Adiabetes,ArenalAfailureAorAexcessiveAGIAlosses.A
HereAareAtheArulesAtoAfollowAtoAdetermineAifAisArespiratoryAorAmetabolicAinAnature.A-
IfApHAandAPCO2AareAmovingAinAoppositeAdirections,AthenAitAisAtheApCO2AlevelsAthatAareAca
usingAtheAimbalanceAandAitAisArespiratoryAinAnature.A
-
IfAPCO2AisAnormalAorAisAmovingAinAtheAsameAdirectionAasAtheApH,AthenAtheAimbalanceAisAm
etabolicAinAnature.
TheAanionAgapAisAtheAdifferenceAbetweenAmeasuredAcationsA(Na+AandAK+)AandAmeasured
AanionsA(Cl-AandAHCO3-
),AthisAcalculationAcanAbeAusefulAinAdeterminingAtheAcauseAofAmetabolicAacidosis.A
WhyAwouldAanAincreasedAanionAgapAbeAobservedAinAdiabeticAketoacidosisAorAlacticAacidos
is?A-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
TheAanionAgapAisAtheAcalculationAofAunmeasuredAanionsAinAtheAblood.A
LacticAacidAandAketonesAbothAleadAtoAtheAproductionAofAunmeasuredAanions,AwhichAremov
eAHCO3-
A(aAmeasuredAanion)AdueAtoAbufferingAofAtheAexcessAH+AandAthereforeAleadsAtoAanAincreas
eAinAtheAAG.
WhyAisAitAimportantAtoAmaintainAaAhomeostaticAbalanceAofAglucoseAinAtheAbloodA(ieAdescrib
eAtheApathogenesisAofAdiabetes)?A-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
InsulinAisAtheAhormoneAresponsibleAforAinitiatingAtheAuptakeAofAglucoseAbyAtheAcells.ACellsA
useAglucoseAtoAproduceAenergyA(ATP).A
,InAaAnormalAindividual,AwhenAbloodAglucoseAincreases,AtheApancreasAisAsignaledAtoAprodu
cedAinAinsulin,AwhichAbindsAtoAinsulinAreceptorsAonAaAcellsAsurfaceAandAinitiatesAtheAuptake
AofAglucose.A
GlucoseAisAaAveryAreactiveAmoleculeAandAifAleftAinAtheAblood,AitAcanAstartAtoAbindAtoAotherApr
oteinsAandAlipids,AwhichAcanAleadAtoAlossAofAfunction.A
AGEsAareAadvancedAglycationAendAproductsAthatAareAaAresultAofAglucoseAreactingAwithAthe
AendothelialAlining,AwhichAcanAleadAtoAdamageAinAtheAheartAandAkidneys.
CompareAandAcontrastATypeAIAandATypeAIIADiabetesA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
TypeAIAdiabetesAisAcausedAbyAlackAofAinsulin.AWithAoutAinsulinAsignaling,AglucoseAwillAnotAb
eAtakenAintoAtheAcellAandAleadsAtoAhighAbloodAglucoseA(hyperglycemia).ATypeAIAisAusuallyAtr
eatedAwithAinsulinAinjections.A
TypeAIIAdiabetesAisAcausedAbyAaAdesensitizationAtoAinsulinAsignaling.ATheAinsulinAreceptors
AareAnoAlongerArespondingAtoAinsulin,AwhichAalsoAleadsAtoAhyperglycemia.A
TypeAIIAisAusuallyAtreatedAwithAdrugsAtoAincreaseAtheAsensitizationAtoAinsulinA(metformin),A
dietaryAandAlife-styleAchangesAorAinsulinAinjections.
DescribeAsomeAreasonsAforAaApatientAneedingAdialysisA-ACORRECTAANSWERS-AEIOU-
acidosis.AElectrolytes,AIntoxication/Ingestion,Aoverload,Auremia.APatientsAwithAkidneyAorAh
eartAfailure.A
AAbuildAupAofAphosphates,AureaAandAmagnesiumAareAremovedAfromAtheAbloodAusingAaAse
mi-permeableAmembraneAandAdialysate.A
AEIOU:A
A—acidosis;A
E—electrolytesAprincipallyAhyperkalemia;A
I—ingestionsAorAoverdoseAofAmedications/drugs;A
O—overloadAofAfluidAcausingAheartAfailure;A
U—uremiaAleadingAtoAencephalitis/pericarditis
CompareAandAcontrastAhemodialysisAandAperitonealAdialysis.A
WhatAareAsomeAreasonsAforAaApatientAchoosingAoneAoverAtheAother?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-
HemodialysisAusesAaAmachineAtoApumpAbloodAfromAtheAbodyAinAoneAtubeAwhileAdialysateA(
madeAofAwater,AelectrolytesAandAsalts)AisApumpedAinAtheAseparateAtubeAinAtheAoppositeAdir
ection.AWasteAfromAtheAbloodAdiffusesAthroughAtheAsemipermeableAmembraneAseparating
AtheAbloodAfromAtheAdialysate.A
PeritonealADialysisAdoesAnotAuseAaAmachine,AbutAinsteadAinjectsAaAsolutionAofAwaterAandAg
lucoseAintoAtheAabdominalAcavity.ATheAperitoneumAactsAasAtheAmembraneAinsteadAofAdialy
sisAtubing.ATheAwasteAproductsAdiffuseAintoAtheAabdominalAcavityAandAtheAwasteAsolutionAi
sAthenAdrainedAfromAtheAbody.A
, PeritonealAdialysisAoffersAcontinuousAfiltrationAandAisAlessAdisruptionAtoAtheApatient'sAdailyA
routines.AHowever,AitAdoesArequireAsomeAtrainingAofAtheApatientAandAisAnotArecommendedA
forAindividualsAwhoAareAoverweightAorAhaveAsevereAkidneyAfailure.A
HemodialysisAprovidesAmedicalAcare,AbutA3AtimesAaAweekAforAseveralAhoursAsittingAatAaAho
spitalAorAclinic.AIndividualsAwithAacuteAkidneyAfailureAareArecommendedAtoAuseAhemodialys
is.
HowAdoesAhomeostasisAandAmaintainingAoptimalAphysiologicalAhealthAimpactAyourAwellbei
ng?A-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
HomeostasisAactsAtoAcreateAaAconstantAandAstableAenvironmentAinAtheAbodyAdespiteAinter
nalAandAexternalAchanges.AProteinsAandAotherAcellularAprocessesArequireAoptimalAconditio
nsAinAorderAtoAcarryAoutAtheirAfunctions.A
AlterationsAinApH,AsaltAconcentration,Atemperature,AglucoseAlevels,Aetc.AcanAhaveAnegativ
eAeffectsAonAhealth,AsoAitAisAvitalAforAmechanismsAthatAregulateAhomeostasisAtoAfunctionApr
operlyAforAmaintainingAgoodAhealth
DifferentiateAbetweenAInnateAImmunityAandAAdaptiveAImmunityA?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-
TheAinnateAimmuneAsystemAencompassesAphysicalAbarriersAandAchemicalAandAcellularAde
fenses.APhysicalAbarriersAprotectAtheAbodyAfromAinvasion.ATheseAincludeAthingsAlikeAtheAs
kinAandAeyelashes.AChemicalAbarriersAareAdefenseAmechanismsAthatAcanAdestroyAharmful
Aagent.AExamplesAincludeAtears,Amucous,AandAstomachAacid.A
CellularAdefensesAofAtheAinnateAimmuneAresponseAareAnon-
specific.ATheseAcellularAdefensesAidentifyApathogensAandAsubstancesAthatAareApotentiallyA
dangerousAandAtakesAstepsAtoAneutralizeAorAdestroyAthem.A
AdaptiveAimmunityAisAanAorganism'sAacquiredAimmunityAtoAaAspecificApathogen.AAsAsuch,Ai
t'sAalsoAreferredAtoAasAacquiredAimmunity.AAdaptiveAimmunityAisAnotAimmediate,AnorAdoesAi
tAalwaysAlastAthroughoutAanAorganism'sAentireAlifespan,AalthoughAitAcan.A
TheAadaptiveAimmuneAresponseAisAmarkedAbyAclonalAexpansionAofATAandABAlymphocytes,A
releasingAmanyAantibodyAcopiesAtoAneutralizeAorAdestroyAtheirAtargetAantigen
WhatAisAaAwayAthatAAdaptiveAImmunityAcanArecruitAinnateAimmunity?A-
ACORRECTAANSWERS-
TheAinnateAimmuneAresponseAtoAmicrobesAstimulatesAadaptiveAimmuneAresponsesAandAin
fluencesAtheAnatureAofAtheAadaptiveAresponses.A
Conversely,AadaptiveAimmuneAresponsesAoftenAworkAbyAenhancingAtheAprotectiveAmecha
nismsAofAinnateAimmunity,AmakingAthemAmoreAcapableAofAeffectivelyAcombatingApathogen
icAmicrobes
WhyAareAsomeAinfectionsAharderAonAchildrenAwhileAotherAinfectionsAareAharderAonAtheAeld
erly?A-ACORRECTAANSWERS-
ChildrenAhaveAnotAbeenAexposedAtoAmanyApathogensAyet,AsoAtheyAlackAmemoryAcellsAand
AhaveAnotAbuilt-upAimmunityAyet.A
