DEP 2004 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
Play at 15-18 months - ✔✔ simple social play, in which children do similar activities and talk or smile at
each other
Play 24-36 months - ✔✔ cooperative play, theme-based play where children take special roles. They use
realistic props to support their play.
children spontaneously prefer playing with same-sex peers
What is "out of Sight, out of mind"? - ✔✔ Up through roughly 4-8 months, it is "out of sight, out of
mind"; infants will not search for a toy if it is covered with a cloth or screen.
By substage 4 (8-12 months), they master that trick but still rely on their perceptions and actions to
"know" an object. Like they see an object hidden under one container several times and then see it hidden
under a second container, they usually reach for the toy under the first container.
three-mountains problem - ✔✔ Piagets most convincing demonstration of egocentrism - each mountain is
distinguished by its color and by its summit. one has a red cross, another a small house, and the third a
snow-capped peak. children at the preoperational stage respond egocentrically. they cannot select a
picture that shows the mountains form the dolls perspective. instead, they simply choose the photo that
reflects their own vantage point.
Criticism for Piaget's theory - ✔✔ Underestimates infants' and young children's cognitive ability;
overestimates adolescents' cognitive ability.
Vague about mechanisms/processes of change
Does not account for variability in children's performance. (Cognitive development is not stage-like)
Undervalues the sociocultural environment's influence on cognitive development
What is a schema? - ✔✔ mental categories of related events, objects, and knowledge
, What is the foundation of human development? - ✔✔ Per Erikson, trust in oneself and others is the
foundation of human development.
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson) - ✔✔ Birth to 1 year. With a proper balance of trust and mistrust,
infants can acquire hope. Develop attachment to caregivers.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson) - ✔✔ 1 - 3 years. A blend of autonomy, shame, and doubt
gives rise to will, the knowledge that within limits, youngsters can act on their world intentionally
Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson) - ✔✔ 3 to 6 years. Purpose is achieved with a balance between individual
initiative and a willingness to cooperate with others
What characteristics will the child have that shows they have developed sense of self? - ✔✔ Toddlers
come to understand that they exist independently in space and time, an understanding that provides
coherence and continuity to children's experience. Children realize that the self who went to the park a
few days ago is the same self who is now at a birthday party and is the same self who will read a book
with dad before bedtime. Emergence of Autobiographical memory confirms this sense of self.
Who is responsible for today's evolutionary view of attachment? - ✔✔ Bowlby. He developed 4 stages:
preattachment, attachment in the making, true attachment, and reciprocal relationships.
How can a parent encourage attachment in a 4 month old? - ✔✔ Secure attachment results from
predictable, sensitive, and responsive parenting.
What is assimilation? - ✔✔ Fitting new experiences into existing schemes. It is required to benefit from
experience.
What is acommodation? - ✔✔ Modifying schemes as a result of new experiences. Allows for dealing
with completely new data or experiences
What is centration? - ✔✔ Concentrating on only one facet of a problem to the neglect of other facets. It
interferes with conservation.
ANSWERS GRADED A+
Play at 15-18 months - ✔✔ simple social play, in which children do similar activities and talk or smile at
each other
Play 24-36 months - ✔✔ cooperative play, theme-based play where children take special roles. They use
realistic props to support their play.
children spontaneously prefer playing with same-sex peers
What is "out of Sight, out of mind"? - ✔✔ Up through roughly 4-8 months, it is "out of sight, out of
mind"; infants will not search for a toy if it is covered with a cloth or screen.
By substage 4 (8-12 months), they master that trick but still rely on their perceptions and actions to
"know" an object. Like they see an object hidden under one container several times and then see it hidden
under a second container, they usually reach for the toy under the first container.
three-mountains problem - ✔✔ Piagets most convincing demonstration of egocentrism - each mountain is
distinguished by its color and by its summit. one has a red cross, another a small house, and the third a
snow-capped peak. children at the preoperational stage respond egocentrically. they cannot select a
picture that shows the mountains form the dolls perspective. instead, they simply choose the photo that
reflects their own vantage point.
Criticism for Piaget's theory - ✔✔ Underestimates infants' and young children's cognitive ability;
overestimates adolescents' cognitive ability.
Vague about mechanisms/processes of change
Does not account for variability in children's performance. (Cognitive development is not stage-like)
Undervalues the sociocultural environment's influence on cognitive development
What is a schema? - ✔✔ mental categories of related events, objects, and knowledge
, What is the foundation of human development? - ✔✔ Per Erikson, trust in oneself and others is the
foundation of human development.
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson) - ✔✔ Birth to 1 year. With a proper balance of trust and mistrust,
infants can acquire hope. Develop attachment to caregivers.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson) - ✔✔ 1 - 3 years. A blend of autonomy, shame, and doubt
gives rise to will, the knowledge that within limits, youngsters can act on their world intentionally
Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson) - ✔✔ 3 to 6 years. Purpose is achieved with a balance between individual
initiative and a willingness to cooperate with others
What characteristics will the child have that shows they have developed sense of self? - ✔✔ Toddlers
come to understand that they exist independently in space and time, an understanding that provides
coherence and continuity to children's experience. Children realize that the self who went to the park a
few days ago is the same self who is now at a birthday party and is the same self who will read a book
with dad before bedtime. Emergence of Autobiographical memory confirms this sense of self.
Who is responsible for today's evolutionary view of attachment? - ✔✔ Bowlby. He developed 4 stages:
preattachment, attachment in the making, true attachment, and reciprocal relationships.
How can a parent encourage attachment in a 4 month old? - ✔✔ Secure attachment results from
predictable, sensitive, and responsive parenting.
What is assimilation? - ✔✔ Fitting new experiences into existing schemes. It is required to benefit from
experience.
What is acommodation? - ✔✔ Modifying schemes as a result of new experiences. Allows for dealing
with completely new data or experiences
What is centration? - ✔✔ Concentrating on only one facet of a problem to the neglect of other facets. It
interferes with conservation.
