©FYNDLAY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8:29 AM A+
DVU Final Exam PCT Questions And
Answers |Latest 2025 | Guaranteed Pass
What are the consequences of organ stunning on the heart? - Answer✔Acute stress on
cardiovascular system, development of LV region wall motion abnormalities, triggers
arrythmias, can lead to cardiac failure
What are the consequences of organ stunning on the gut? - Answer✔Releases endotoxin into
circulation, inflammation
What are the consequences of organ stunning on the kidneys? - Answer✔Causes fibrosis, loss
of RRF
What are the consequences of organ stunning on the brain? - Answer✔Causes multiple sites
with white matter injury
Define muscle cramps - Answer✔Painful muscle contractions in extremities or abdomen
What are the causes of muscle cramps? - Answer✔Rapid of excessive fluid removal, hypo
osmolality, tissue hypoxia/ischemia, electrolyte disorders or imbalances: low sodium, calcium,
potassium, magnesium, any local irritating factor or metabolic abnormality of a muscle
What is the intervention for muscle cramps? - Answer✔Turn off UF or reduce fluid removal to
acceptable limits, discuss longer treatment times with MD
1
, ©FYNDLAY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8:29 AM A+
What can you do to prevent muscle cramps? - Answer✔Educate patient on acceptable fluid
weight gains between treatments, lower UFR, longer treatment time with MD order
Define fever and chills - Answer✔Any temperature > 100 degrees or increase over baseline of 2
degrees with symptoms
What are the causes of fever and chills during dialysis? - Answer✔Systemic infections, access
infections
What are the symptoms of fever and chills? - Answer✔Nausea/vomiting, headache,
hypotension, tachycardia, hot flushed skin, and dry mucus membranes
What are the interventions for fever and chills? - Answer✔Nurse must assess and evaluate
patient for possible cause of fever. If ordered by physician, obtain blood cultures per procedure
and send to lab. Provide comfort measures and administer antipyretics as ordered. Administer
antibiotics as ordered. Schedule patient for permanent access evaluation.
How can you prevent fever and chills? - Answer✔Avoid use of femoral catheters, evaluate
teammates technique
What is a pyrogenic reaction? - Answer✔Pyrogenic (fever) reaction is caused by pyrogens, such
as endotoxins
What are the causes of a pyrogenic reaction? - Answer✔Break in water treatment or if there is
an endotoxin in a reprocessed dialyzer
What are the symptoms of a pyrogenic reaction? - Answer✔Chills, shaking fever, hypotension,
vomiting, muscle pain
What is the intervention for a pyrogenic reaction? - Answer✔Stop treatment, obtain cultures
and LAL's from dialyzers, dialysate per policy. Notify charge nurse and physician and implement
orders received. Document occurrences, treatment, and patient response. Sequester dialyzer,
2
, ©FYNDLAY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8:29 AM A+
blood lines for possible testing. Place in red bag. Label with patient name, date, and "NOT FOR
PATIENT USE." Store in lab refrigerator.
How can you prevent a pyrogenic reaction? - Answer✔Proper water treatment and disinfection
of equipment. Proper reuse procedures. Proper preparation of dialysate. Proper machine set up
and priming.
Define seizures - Answer✔Involuntary muscle spasms and loss of consciousness
What are the causes of seizures in dialysis patients during treatment? - Answer✔Sever
hypotension, dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, or an adverse reaction to a problem such as the
use of improperly prepared dialysate. Electrolyte/ acid base balance or imbalance, hypotension,
hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, hypoxemia, intracranial bleeding hastened by heparin, removal of
anticonvulsants by HD, hemodynamic instability including rapid change in BP, severe
hypertension, too rapid transfusion
What are the symptoms of seizures? - Answer✔Change in level of consciousness, twitching and
jerking movements of the extremities.
What is the intervention for seizures? - Answer✔A licensed nurse will assess a patient to
determine cause and intervention to protect the patient from harm. In general, intervention
includes: reduction of UFR and administration of NS if hypotensive, D/C dialysis if no response.
O2 administration, termination of HD in severe cases, provision of airway support, obtaining
labs for glucose, calcium and other electrolytes with MD orders.
How can you prevent seizures? - Answer✔Dialysis should not have been initiated without
notifying a nurse and a nursing assessment- including notifying the nephrologist.
What is dialysis disequilibrium syndrome? - Answer✔A condition in which rapid or drastic
changes in the patients extracellular fluid affect the brain.
What are the causes of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome? - Answer✔Urea transfers more slowly
from the brain tissue to the blood, so fluid is drawn into the brain causing swelling via osmosis.
This can occur in AKI patients of when BUN levels are very high, missed treatments
3
DVU Final Exam PCT Questions And
Answers |Latest 2025 | Guaranteed Pass
What are the consequences of organ stunning on the heart? - Answer✔Acute stress on
cardiovascular system, development of LV region wall motion abnormalities, triggers
arrythmias, can lead to cardiac failure
What are the consequences of organ stunning on the gut? - Answer✔Releases endotoxin into
circulation, inflammation
What are the consequences of organ stunning on the kidneys? - Answer✔Causes fibrosis, loss
of RRF
What are the consequences of organ stunning on the brain? - Answer✔Causes multiple sites
with white matter injury
Define muscle cramps - Answer✔Painful muscle contractions in extremities or abdomen
What are the causes of muscle cramps? - Answer✔Rapid of excessive fluid removal, hypo
osmolality, tissue hypoxia/ischemia, electrolyte disorders or imbalances: low sodium, calcium,
potassium, magnesium, any local irritating factor or metabolic abnormality of a muscle
What is the intervention for muscle cramps? - Answer✔Turn off UF or reduce fluid removal to
acceptable limits, discuss longer treatment times with MD
1
, ©FYNDLAY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8:29 AM A+
What can you do to prevent muscle cramps? - Answer✔Educate patient on acceptable fluid
weight gains between treatments, lower UFR, longer treatment time with MD order
Define fever and chills - Answer✔Any temperature > 100 degrees or increase over baseline of 2
degrees with symptoms
What are the causes of fever and chills during dialysis? - Answer✔Systemic infections, access
infections
What are the symptoms of fever and chills? - Answer✔Nausea/vomiting, headache,
hypotension, tachycardia, hot flushed skin, and dry mucus membranes
What are the interventions for fever and chills? - Answer✔Nurse must assess and evaluate
patient for possible cause of fever. If ordered by physician, obtain blood cultures per procedure
and send to lab. Provide comfort measures and administer antipyretics as ordered. Administer
antibiotics as ordered. Schedule patient for permanent access evaluation.
How can you prevent fever and chills? - Answer✔Avoid use of femoral catheters, evaluate
teammates technique
What is a pyrogenic reaction? - Answer✔Pyrogenic (fever) reaction is caused by pyrogens, such
as endotoxins
What are the causes of a pyrogenic reaction? - Answer✔Break in water treatment or if there is
an endotoxin in a reprocessed dialyzer
What are the symptoms of a pyrogenic reaction? - Answer✔Chills, shaking fever, hypotension,
vomiting, muscle pain
What is the intervention for a pyrogenic reaction? - Answer✔Stop treatment, obtain cultures
and LAL's from dialyzers, dialysate per policy. Notify charge nurse and physician and implement
orders received. Document occurrences, treatment, and patient response. Sequester dialyzer,
2
, ©FYNDLAY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8:29 AM A+
blood lines for possible testing. Place in red bag. Label with patient name, date, and "NOT FOR
PATIENT USE." Store in lab refrigerator.
How can you prevent a pyrogenic reaction? - Answer✔Proper water treatment and disinfection
of equipment. Proper reuse procedures. Proper preparation of dialysate. Proper machine set up
and priming.
Define seizures - Answer✔Involuntary muscle spasms and loss of consciousness
What are the causes of seizures in dialysis patients during treatment? - Answer✔Sever
hypotension, dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, or an adverse reaction to a problem such as the
use of improperly prepared dialysate. Electrolyte/ acid base balance or imbalance, hypotension,
hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, hypoxemia, intracranial bleeding hastened by heparin, removal of
anticonvulsants by HD, hemodynamic instability including rapid change in BP, severe
hypertension, too rapid transfusion
What are the symptoms of seizures? - Answer✔Change in level of consciousness, twitching and
jerking movements of the extremities.
What is the intervention for seizures? - Answer✔A licensed nurse will assess a patient to
determine cause and intervention to protect the patient from harm. In general, intervention
includes: reduction of UFR and administration of NS if hypotensive, D/C dialysis if no response.
O2 administration, termination of HD in severe cases, provision of airway support, obtaining
labs for glucose, calcium and other electrolytes with MD orders.
How can you prevent seizures? - Answer✔Dialysis should not have been initiated without
notifying a nurse and a nursing assessment- including notifying the nephrologist.
What is dialysis disequilibrium syndrome? - Answer✔A condition in which rapid or drastic
changes in the patients extracellular fluid affect the brain.
What are the causes of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome? - Answer✔Urea transfers more slowly
from the brain tissue to the blood, so fluid is drawn into the brain causing swelling via osmosis.
This can occur in AKI patients of when BUN levels are very high, missed treatments
3
