1351 Final Exam Questions And All
Correct Answers.
With of the following criteria must be met to infer causality
a) The relationship between cause and effect must be measurable and reciprocal
B) The relationship must not be explained baby any other variable
C) The independent variable must change in response to manipulation of the dependent
variable
D) The outcome must be logical, expected, and predictable - Answer B
Which of the following situations meets a criterion for inferring causality between performance
of exercise and adaptation behaviour of women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer?
a) Adaptation behaviour began before the exercise program was initiated.
B) Adaptive behaviour occurred in the control group over time.
C) The level of adaptation behaviours increased proportionately with increase in the intensity of
the exercise
D) No differences in adaptation behaviours were observed between subjects in the
experimental group and subjects in the control group. - Answer C
What is the term used to describe the experimental treatment initiated by the researcher?
A) Independent Variable
B) Dependent Variable
C) Extraneous Variable
D) Outcome variable - Answer A
By what specific criterion should you judge the results or findings of experimental research?
A) The size of the experimental group compared with the size of the control group
B) The validity that the experimental treatment caused the desired effect on the outcome
C) The degree to which the research questions were congruent with the hypotheses and the
purpose of the study
D) The degree to which the researcher was able to apply the findings to clinical or practice
settings - Answer B
,C)Informed consent
D) Randomization - Answer D
What aspect should be the primary consideration in critiquing the research report of an
experimental study and determining the validity of the conclusions presented?
A) How well the researcher controlled for extraneous variables
B) The direction of the relationship between dependent and independent variables
C) The credentials and previous experience of the researcher
D) The number of persons involved in the data collection process - Answer A
How differently is the independent variable handled in studies with an experimental design or a
quasiexperimental design?
A) An independent variable is not identified or needed in a quasiexperimental design.
B) Both designs identify an independent variable, and both manipulate the independent
variable.
C) Experimental designs demonstrate that the independent variable is related to the
outcome, but quasiexperimental studies allow for independent variables that stand alone.
D) Although both designs identify an independent variable, experimental designs
identify it before the research is initiated, and quasiexperimental designs identify it after the
data have been analyzed. - Answer B
Which of the following statements about random assignment or randomization is true?
A) The randomization process decreases the influence of researcher bias but can increase the
effect of systematic bias in a study.
B) The randomization process decreases the influence of systematic bias but can increase the
effect of researcher bias in a study.
C) With randomization, each subject has an equal and known probability of being assigned to
any group in a study.
D) Randomization eliminates the need for informed consent. - Answer C
Why is randomization important in a study with an experimental design?
A) It reduces the risk of the subject being harmed by participation in the study
B) It ensures that the experimental group and the control group have the same number of
participants.
, What is the meaning of "control" in a study with an experimental design?
A) The care taken to ensure maintenance of participant confidentiality
B) The introduction of one or more constants into the experimental situation
C) The ability of the researcher to prevent data collection from extending beyond the
original time specified for the study
D) The faithfulness of the researcher in the application of all the assumptions of the - Answer
B
Using the abstract information provided below, identify which group would be considered the
"control group" for this experimental study.
"To determine the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral intervention for treating insomnia in breast
cancer survivors, randomized controlled trials were conducted with seventy-two women who
through sleep diaries were identified as experiencing insomnia. Participants were randomly
assigned to a multi-component intervention including stimulus control instructions, sleep
restriction, and sleep or a single-component group (sleep education)."
A) The group receiving the multi-component.
B) The group receiving the single component.
C) The group experiencing adverse effects.
D) The group refusing to participate. - Answer B
In a study about help to quit smoking, one group of participants received a single supportive
phone call 10 days after attending a program on strategies to resist the urge to smoke. A second
group received a weekly supportive phone call for 6 weeks after attending the same program,
and a third group received no supportive phone calls after attending the program. What
property of experimental research did the researcher employ in this study?
A)Quasi-experimental research—no control group
B) Random assignment to research groups
C) Manipulation of the intervention dosed.
D) Controlling for extraneous variables - Answer C
A study was conducted to determine whether a videotape would be more effective than a
pamphlet in instructing college-age women to perform breast self-examination on a regular
basis. Which of the following conditions could be considered an antecedent variable?
A) Four participants in the pamphlet-based instruction group had mothers who had
Correct Answers.
With of the following criteria must be met to infer causality
a) The relationship between cause and effect must be measurable and reciprocal
B) The relationship must not be explained baby any other variable
C) The independent variable must change in response to manipulation of the dependent
variable
D) The outcome must be logical, expected, and predictable - Answer B
Which of the following situations meets a criterion for inferring causality between performance
of exercise and adaptation behaviour of women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer?
a) Adaptation behaviour began before the exercise program was initiated.
B) Adaptive behaviour occurred in the control group over time.
C) The level of adaptation behaviours increased proportionately with increase in the intensity of
the exercise
D) No differences in adaptation behaviours were observed between subjects in the
experimental group and subjects in the control group. - Answer C
What is the term used to describe the experimental treatment initiated by the researcher?
A) Independent Variable
B) Dependent Variable
C) Extraneous Variable
D) Outcome variable - Answer A
By what specific criterion should you judge the results or findings of experimental research?
A) The size of the experimental group compared with the size of the control group
B) The validity that the experimental treatment caused the desired effect on the outcome
C) The degree to which the research questions were congruent with the hypotheses and the
purpose of the study
D) The degree to which the researcher was able to apply the findings to clinical or practice
settings - Answer B
,C)Informed consent
D) Randomization - Answer D
What aspect should be the primary consideration in critiquing the research report of an
experimental study and determining the validity of the conclusions presented?
A) How well the researcher controlled for extraneous variables
B) The direction of the relationship between dependent and independent variables
C) The credentials and previous experience of the researcher
D) The number of persons involved in the data collection process - Answer A
How differently is the independent variable handled in studies with an experimental design or a
quasiexperimental design?
A) An independent variable is not identified or needed in a quasiexperimental design.
B) Both designs identify an independent variable, and both manipulate the independent
variable.
C) Experimental designs demonstrate that the independent variable is related to the
outcome, but quasiexperimental studies allow for independent variables that stand alone.
D) Although both designs identify an independent variable, experimental designs
identify it before the research is initiated, and quasiexperimental designs identify it after the
data have been analyzed. - Answer B
Which of the following statements about random assignment or randomization is true?
A) The randomization process decreases the influence of researcher bias but can increase the
effect of systematic bias in a study.
B) The randomization process decreases the influence of systematic bias but can increase the
effect of researcher bias in a study.
C) With randomization, each subject has an equal and known probability of being assigned to
any group in a study.
D) Randomization eliminates the need for informed consent. - Answer C
Why is randomization important in a study with an experimental design?
A) It reduces the risk of the subject being harmed by participation in the study
B) It ensures that the experimental group and the control group have the same number of
participants.
, What is the meaning of "control" in a study with an experimental design?
A) The care taken to ensure maintenance of participant confidentiality
B) The introduction of one or more constants into the experimental situation
C) The ability of the researcher to prevent data collection from extending beyond the
original time specified for the study
D) The faithfulness of the researcher in the application of all the assumptions of the - Answer
B
Using the abstract information provided below, identify which group would be considered the
"control group" for this experimental study.
"To determine the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral intervention for treating insomnia in breast
cancer survivors, randomized controlled trials were conducted with seventy-two women who
through sleep diaries were identified as experiencing insomnia. Participants were randomly
assigned to a multi-component intervention including stimulus control instructions, sleep
restriction, and sleep or a single-component group (sleep education)."
A) The group receiving the multi-component.
B) The group receiving the single component.
C) The group experiencing adverse effects.
D) The group refusing to participate. - Answer B
In a study about help to quit smoking, one group of participants received a single supportive
phone call 10 days after attending a program on strategies to resist the urge to smoke. A second
group received a weekly supportive phone call for 6 weeks after attending the same program,
and a third group received no supportive phone calls after attending the program. What
property of experimental research did the researcher employ in this study?
A)Quasi-experimental research—no control group
B) Random assignment to research groups
C) Manipulation of the intervention dosed.
D) Controlling for extraneous variables - Answer C
A study was conducted to determine whether a videotape would be more effective than a
pamphlet in instructing college-age women to perform breast self-examination on a regular
basis. Which of the following conditions could be considered an antecedent variable?
A) Four participants in the pamphlet-based instruction group had mothers who had
