7D VAN
EXAM GUIDE 2025
|MOST COMMON QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTLY
VERIFIED ANSWERS|ALREADY A+
GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS
How do we learn? - Through consequences
How is behavior maintained? - Through conditioning/associations made
How are habits developed? - Modeling
Angie feels down after leaving home this summer. You listen to her and then give her the
following suggestions that you think are helpful based on what you have learned is helpful for
feeling blue. Which is ultimately the most helpful for depression? - Come with me to
class and go with me on a bike ride tonight
Kurt is tempted to eat a bacon double cheeseburger. Which is the best example of a self-
instruction to remind him of his long-range goals? - I need to keep my cholesterol down
to qualify for life insurance
If you have a long chain of events, where is it best to try to break the chain? - At the
beginning and end
Dear Abby/Adam, Last night I shoved my five-year-old son. I didn't realize until then that my
anger was such a problem. I get so angry when my children don't listen to me (which seems to
happen more and more often). I work a lot, and it seems like when I finally get to see them,
they don't like me. But I don't want to hurt them! Please help me find a way to control my anger
so that I can be a good parent. Sincerely, No More Shoving. How can 'No More Shoving' change
the chain of behaviors to keep events from leading to shoving? - Use pauses to break
chain of events
Sometimes when her little boy has a temper tantrum Mrs. Brown ignores him, but sometimes
she picks him up and tries to calm him. According to the text, this will probably - make
the boy's behavior harder to extinguish
,Tony is frightened at the thought of speaking in front of a large group, but wants to get over this
fear. The best techniques to start with would be to - combine relaxation and shaping
Kristy is always nervous whenever she goes on a date. If she wants to use modeling to help her
overcome her anxiety, she could - Talk to her best friend about how to act, Go to a cafe
and watch how other people who are on dates interact, Imitate how her favorite soap opera
character acts on a date
What is operant behavior? - Behaviors that are affected by their consequences
What affects operant behavior? - Operant behaviors are changed-learned or unlearned-
as a result of their consequences aka reinforcers
What is a positive reinforcer? - Consequence that maintains and strengthens behavior by
its ADDED pressure; The best way to increase a behavior
What is a negative reinforcer? - Consequence that strengthens behavior by being
SUBTRACTED from the situation
What effect does punishment have on the frequency of behavior? - Behavior that is
punished will occur less often
What are the two types of punishment? - Positive punishment - after a behavior is
performed, some unpleasant event occurs; Negative punishment - after a behavior has been
performed, something pleasant is taken away
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment? - In negative
reinforcement, escaping or avoiding unpleasantness strengthens a desired behavior. In
punishment, you reduce an undesirable behavior
What is extinction? - Something that was once reinforced no longer is, as a consequence,
your act loses some of its strength; The best way to decrease a behavior is to extinguish it
What is the effect of intermittent reinforcement on extinction? - Increases resistance to
extinction
How can maladaptive behaviors sometimes be explained by the idea of intermittent
reinforcement? - Many maladaptive behaviors result from being intermittently
reinforced, making them especially challenging to change
What role is played by the cue, or antecedent, in operant behavior? - Guide
,When does an antecedent become a cue to behavior? - Becomes cue to behavior when
the behavior is reinforced in the presence of that stimulus and not reinforced in the absence of
the stimulus
What guides avoidance behavior? - Antecedents- the signals- from the environment
What is stimulus control? - When an antecedent has consistently been associated with a
behavior that is reinforced, it gains what is called stimulus control over the behavior
Why is avoidance behavior resistant to extinction? - The antecedent stimulus evokes the
avoidance behavior, and the person who has learned the avoidance response has no
opportunity to learn that the old, unpleasant outcome is no longer there
What is respondent behavior? - Involves pairing a stimulus that elicits some response
with one that does not, in such a way that the two stimuli occur together
Explain respondent conditioning - A once neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned
stimulus that has control over a reaction by being associated with an antecedent that already
has stimulus control. Process of association.
How does emotional conditioning occur? - results from classical conditioning, usually
from the association of a relatively neutral stimulus with a painful or fear-inducing
unconditional stimulus
After a reaction has been conditioned, what effect does the stimulus antecedent have? -
Through conditioning, antecedents come to elicit automatic reactions that are often
emotional
What are the basic processes of learning through modeling? - Observing what others do.
Consequences of model's behavior will determine whether you will imitate behavior
What is reward discounting? - Time-consistent model of discounting the value of later
reward
What are three difficulties in identifying antecedents? - Not keeping accurate records,
not beginning early enough in your chain of events analysis, not recognizing self-statements
What two kinds of self-statements can be antecedents? - Self-instructions and beliefs
Explain self-instructions. - Telling yourself to do something
, How do beliefs and interpretations serve as antecedents, and how can you identify them? -
Both play a role in how you go about a situation. They can be self-destructive and lead to
unwanted behaviors.
What are two common maladaptive beliefs? - every negative social outcome means
unfavorable personal characteristics and Expectations
In the first steps of a self-change plan, how can you avoid the antecedents of problem behavior?
- Analyze your problem. Who/what is problem behavior associated with.
What are situations in which indulging in consummatory behaviors is most likely? - When
you are around others who are indulging have social encouragement
Explain the strategy of narrowing antecedent control. - Narrow the range of situations
that control or narrow the behaviors that occur in a situation
Explain re-perceiving antecedents. - Change the nature of the situation by changing the
way you think about it.
What are "hot" and "cool" cognitions? - Attending to some specific parts of the situation
and not to others - cool/hot perceptions
How does distraction work? - You can lessen temptation by distracting yourself with
thoughts of something else.
Explain the strategy of changing chains. - Often one antecedent leads to another which
leads to another. So identifying the chain of events allows you to unlink and rebuild
What is the advantage of building in pauses? - A 2 minute pause is often long enough for
the urge to pass
Explain pausing to make a record. - Recording an unwanted behavior before you do it
reduces the chances you will do it
How do you unlink a chain of events? - Antecedents at beginning and end of chain were
changed. Learn new behavior to be inserted into the chain and reinforce the outcome
At what part of the chain is it best to try breaking the chain? - At the beginning and end
How can you use self-instructions to promote new, desired behavior? - Replace self-
defeating thoughts with incompatible ones, including thoughts that contain positive self-
instruction
EXAM GUIDE 2025
|MOST COMMON QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTLY
VERIFIED ANSWERS|ALREADY A+
GRADED|GUARANTEED PASS
How do we learn? - Through consequences
How is behavior maintained? - Through conditioning/associations made
How are habits developed? - Modeling
Angie feels down after leaving home this summer. You listen to her and then give her the
following suggestions that you think are helpful based on what you have learned is helpful for
feeling blue. Which is ultimately the most helpful for depression? - Come with me to
class and go with me on a bike ride tonight
Kurt is tempted to eat a bacon double cheeseburger. Which is the best example of a self-
instruction to remind him of his long-range goals? - I need to keep my cholesterol down
to qualify for life insurance
If you have a long chain of events, where is it best to try to break the chain? - At the
beginning and end
Dear Abby/Adam, Last night I shoved my five-year-old son. I didn't realize until then that my
anger was such a problem. I get so angry when my children don't listen to me (which seems to
happen more and more often). I work a lot, and it seems like when I finally get to see them,
they don't like me. But I don't want to hurt them! Please help me find a way to control my anger
so that I can be a good parent. Sincerely, No More Shoving. How can 'No More Shoving' change
the chain of behaviors to keep events from leading to shoving? - Use pauses to break
chain of events
Sometimes when her little boy has a temper tantrum Mrs. Brown ignores him, but sometimes
she picks him up and tries to calm him. According to the text, this will probably - make
the boy's behavior harder to extinguish
,Tony is frightened at the thought of speaking in front of a large group, but wants to get over this
fear. The best techniques to start with would be to - combine relaxation and shaping
Kristy is always nervous whenever she goes on a date. If she wants to use modeling to help her
overcome her anxiety, she could - Talk to her best friend about how to act, Go to a cafe
and watch how other people who are on dates interact, Imitate how her favorite soap opera
character acts on a date
What is operant behavior? - Behaviors that are affected by their consequences
What affects operant behavior? - Operant behaviors are changed-learned or unlearned-
as a result of their consequences aka reinforcers
What is a positive reinforcer? - Consequence that maintains and strengthens behavior by
its ADDED pressure; The best way to increase a behavior
What is a negative reinforcer? - Consequence that strengthens behavior by being
SUBTRACTED from the situation
What effect does punishment have on the frequency of behavior? - Behavior that is
punished will occur less often
What are the two types of punishment? - Positive punishment - after a behavior is
performed, some unpleasant event occurs; Negative punishment - after a behavior has been
performed, something pleasant is taken away
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment? - In negative
reinforcement, escaping or avoiding unpleasantness strengthens a desired behavior. In
punishment, you reduce an undesirable behavior
What is extinction? - Something that was once reinforced no longer is, as a consequence,
your act loses some of its strength; The best way to decrease a behavior is to extinguish it
What is the effect of intermittent reinforcement on extinction? - Increases resistance to
extinction
How can maladaptive behaviors sometimes be explained by the idea of intermittent
reinforcement? - Many maladaptive behaviors result from being intermittently
reinforced, making them especially challenging to change
What role is played by the cue, or antecedent, in operant behavior? - Guide
,When does an antecedent become a cue to behavior? - Becomes cue to behavior when
the behavior is reinforced in the presence of that stimulus and not reinforced in the absence of
the stimulus
What guides avoidance behavior? - Antecedents- the signals- from the environment
What is stimulus control? - When an antecedent has consistently been associated with a
behavior that is reinforced, it gains what is called stimulus control over the behavior
Why is avoidance behavior resistant to extinction? - The antecedent stimulus evokes the
avoidance behavior, and the person who has learned the avoidance response has no
opportunity to learn that the old, unpleasant outcome is no longer there
What is respondent behavior? - Involves pairing a stimulus that elicits some response
with one that does not, in such a way that the two stimuli occur together
Explain respondent conditioning - A once neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned
stimulus that has control over a reaction by being associated with an antecedent that already
has stimulus control. Process of association.
How does emotional conditioning occur? - results from classical conditioning, usually
from the association of a relatively neutral stimulus with a painful or fear-inducing
unconditional stimulus
After a reaction has been conditioned, what effect does the stimulus antecedent have? -
Through conditioning, antecedents come to elicit automatic reactions that are often
emotional
What are the basic processes of learning through modeling? - Observing what others do.
Consequences of model's behavior will determine whether you will imitate behavior
What is reward discounting? - Time-consistent model of discounting the value of later
reward
What are three difficulties in identifying antecedents? - Not keeping accurate records,
not beginning early enough in your chain of events analysis, not recognizing self-statements
What two kinds of self-statements can be antecedents? - Self-instructions and beliefs
Explain self-instructions. - Telling yourself to do something
, How do beliefs and interpretations serve as antecedents, and how can you identify them? -
Both play a role in how you go about a situation. They can be self-destructive and lead to
unwanted behaviors.
What are two common maladaptive beliefs? - every negative social outcome means
unfavorable personal characteristics and Expectations
In the first steps of a self-change plan, how can you avoid the antecedents of problem behavior?
- Analyze your problem. Who/what is problem behavior associated with.
What are situations in which indulging in consummatory behaviors is most likely? - When
you are around others who are indulging have social encouragement
Explain the strategy of narrowing antecedent control. - Narrow the range of situations
that control or narrow the behaviors that occur in a situation
Explain re-perceiving antecedents. - Change the nature of the situation by changing the
way you think about it.
What are "hot" and "cool" cognitions? - Attending to some specific parts of the situation
and not to others - cool/hot perceptions
How does distraction work? - You can lessen temptation by distracting yourself with
thoughts of something else.
Explain the strategy of changing chains. - Often one antecedent leads to another which
leads to another. So identifying the chain of events allows you to unlink and rebuild
What is the advantage of building in pauses? - A 2 minute pause is often long enough for
the urge to pass
Explain pausing to make a record. - Recording an unwanted behavior before you do it
reduces the chances you will do it
How do you unlink a chain of events? - Antecedents at beginning and end of chain were
changed. Learn new behavior to be inserted into the chain and reinforce the outcome
At what part of the chain is it best to try breaking the chain? - At the beginning and end
How can you use self-instructions to promote new, desired behavior? - Replace self-
defeating thoughts with incompatible ones, including thoughts that contain positive self-
instruction
