JMU BIO 140 LAB FINAL QUESTIONS
exploration and discovery - Answers :part of flow chart that involves: making
observations, exploring literature, sharing data and ideas, asking questions and finding
inspiration
testing ideas - Answers :part of flow chart that involves: gathering data, making
hypotheses, expected and actual results/observations, interpreting data and
experiments
community analysis and feedback - Answers :part of flow chart that involves: peer
review, replication, experiments with colleagues, publication, coming up with new ideas
and theory building
benefits and outcomes - Answers :part of flow chart that involves: developing applied
technologies, helping solve societal and everyday problems and informing policy
hypothesis - Answers :broad educated guess - proposed explanation for an observation
prediction - Answers :based off educated guesses in more detail
treatment - Answers :independent variable is manipulated
control - Answers :independent variable is not manipulated (natural state)
independent variable - Answers :variation does not depend on another variable
dependent variable - Answers :depends on independent variable
descriptive - Answers :type of study in which no hypothesis is tested; observation only
non-experimental - Answers :type of study in which there is no manipulation of a
variable, data is gathered to test a hypothesis
experimental - Answers :type of study in which variables are manipulated and
responses are measured
causal - Answers :one variable causes the other to change (experimental)
correlation - Answers :association based on tests and comparing without tests (non-
experimental)
T/F more samples = more confident results - Answers :true
What are flaws in experimental design? - Answers :no controls, lack replication,
insufficient sample size, important variables not held constant
, 8 major taxonomic groups - Answers :domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,
genus, species
example of latin binomial - Answers :Homo sapiens - genus name capitalized, specific
epithet lowercase
phylogeny - Answers :proposed evolutionary relationships that arise from analyzing
heritable traits among organisms
taxonomy - Answers :branch of biology that describes, names, and classifies species
and groups of specific species
in a cladogram, each branch point (node) represents a divergence of two taxa from
what? - Answers :a common ancestor
based on a cladogram, how can you tell which taxa are more closely related? - Answers
:The two taxa that share a more recent common ancestor, indicated by the nodes
homologous characters - Answers :shared characteristics that are inherited from a
common ancestor
monophyletic groups - Answers :groups that share a homologous character, including
the common ancestors and all the species that descend from it
analogous trait - Answers :traits that are shared by two or more taxa but are not
inherited from a common ancestor
analogous traits typically arise via a process called _____ _____ - Answers :convergent
evolution
ancestral form - Answers :original state of the character
derived form - Answers :changed state of the character
parsimony - Answers :preferring the simplest among a set of plausible explanations of a
phenomenon
ecosystem services - Answers :direct and indirect benefits that humans derive from
other organisms
habitat degradation - Answers :reduction in the quality of any remaining habitat
How does a pipette work? - Answers :suck up to first stop, push out to second stop
Why post rinse? - Answers :make sure small volumes are fully transfered
exploration and discovery - Answers :part of flow chart that involves: making
observations, exploring literature, sharing data and ideas, asking questions and finding
inspiration
testing ideas - Answers :part of flow chart that involves: gathering data, making
hypotheses, expected and actual results/observations, interpreting data and
experiments
community analysis and feedback - Answers :part of flow chart that involves: peer
review, replication, experiments with colleagues, publication, coming up with new ideas
and theory building
benefits and outcomes - Answers :part of flow chart that involves: developing applied
technologies, helping solve societal and everyday problems and informing policy
hypothesis - Answers :broad educated guess - proposed explanation for an observation
prediction - Answers :based off educated guesses in more detail
treatment - Answers :independent variable is manipulated
control - Answers :independent variable is not manipulated (natural state)
independent variable - Answers :variation does not depend on another variable
dependent variable - Answers :depends on independent variable
descriptive - Answers :type of study in which no hypothesis is tested; observation only
non-experimental - Answers :type of study in which there is no manipulation of a
variable, data is gathered to test a hypothesis
experimental - Answers :type of study in which variables are manipulated and
responses are measured
causal - Answers :one variable causes the other to change (experimental)
correlation - Answers :association based on tests and comparing without tests (non-
experimental)
T/F more samples = more confident results - Answers :true
What are flaws in experimental design? - Answers :no controls, lack replication,
insufficient sample size, important variables not held constant
, 8 major taxonomic groups - Answers :domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,
genus, species
example of latin binomial - Answers :Homo sapiens - genus name capitalized, specific
epithet lowercase
phylogeny - Answers :proposed evolutionary relationships that arise from analyzing
heritable traits among organisms
taxonomy - Answers :branch of biology that describes, names, and classifies species
and groups of specific species
in a cladogram, each branch point (node) represents a divergence of two taxa from
what? - Answers :a common ancestor
based on a cladogram, how can you tell which taxa are more closely related? - Answers
:The two taxa that share a more recent common ancestor, indicated by the nodes
homologous characters - Answers :shared characteristics that are inherited from a
common ancestor
monophyletic groups - Answers :groups that share a homologous character, including
the common ancestors and all the species that descend from it
analogous trait - Answers :traits that are shared by two or more taxa but are not
inherited from a common ancestor
analogous traits typically arise via a process called _____ _____ - Answers :convergent
evolution
ancestral form - Answers :original state of the character
derived form - Answers :changed state of the character
parsimony - Answers :preferring the simplest among a set of plausible explanations of a
phenomenon
ecosystem services - Answers :direct and indirect benefits that humans derive from
other organisms
habitat degradation - Answers :reduction in the quality of any remaining habitat
How does a pipette work? - Answers :suck up to first stop, push out to second stop
Why post rinse? - Answers :make sure small volumes are fully transfered
