ENT 101 MIDTERM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
insect represent what percent of all known species - ANSWER-over 50%
vertebrates - ANSWER-have an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) with vertebrae
arranged into a spinal column
invertebrates - ANSWER-no vertebrae (no internal support structure) they have support
outside their body (exoskeleton)
two functions of the vertebral column - ANSWER-1. provides support against gravity
2. allows for large body sizes
vertebrate animals (5) - ANSWER-1. amphibians
2. fish
3. reptiles
4. birds
5. mammals
more than 90% of all species are what - ANSWER-invertebrates
most recognized species of invertebrates - ANSWER-arthropods
arthron - ANSWER-joint
podos - ANSWER-feet
arthropod means what - ANSWER-jointed appendages
two functions of jointed appendages - ANSWER-1. locomotion
2. modified for different structures (antennae, mouth parts, reproductive structures)
how many known species of arthropods are there - ANSWER-about 1.2 million
arthropods include what groups (6) - ANSWER-1. crabs
2. lobsters
3. spiders
4. scorpion
5. millipedes
6. centipedes
7. insects
,5 characteristics of arthropods - ANSWER-1. bilateral symmetry
2. segmented bodies
3. ventral nerve cords
4. dorsal blood vessels
5. exoskeletons
bilateral symmetry - ANSWER-split along the anterior-posterior axis (forming a single
plane of symmetry, separating into left and right sides)
jellyfish almost have perfect of what type of symmetry - ANSWER-radial
open circulatory system of arthropods - ANSWER-don't have a network of blood
vessels, they have a single dorsal blood vessel with large openings at either end
in arthropods, tissues are directly exposed to what - ANSWER-blood
exoskeleton two features - ANSWER-hard and flexible
exoskeleton of arthropods is made up of what - ANSWER-cuticle and epidermis
exoskeleton cuticle is made up of which two things - ANSWER-chitin and protein
3 layers of the exoskeleton cuticle - ANSWER-1. waxy epicuticle
2. exocuticle
3. endocuticle
exocuticle is hardened by what - ANSWER-tanning
endocuticle features - ANSWER-unhardened and stretchy
epidermis of exoskeleton lies where - ANSWER-below the endocuticle
basement membrane of exoskeleton - ANSWER-thin tissue under epidermis
(separating it form the body cavity)
5 functions of the exoskeleton of arthropods - ANSWER-1. protects from damage
2. reduces water loss
3. site for muscle attachment
4. barrier against microorganisms
5. supports internal organs
which part of the exoskeleton reduces water loss - ANSWER-the epicuticle
which part of the exoskeleton acts as a barrier against microorganisms - ANSWER-
epicuticle
,tanning in exoskeleton - ANSWER-a crosslinking of proteins in the chitin protein matrix
(sclerotization)
tanning in exoskeleton can be achieved how - ANSWER-by mineralization
disadvantage of exoskeleton - ANSWER-limits growth (so they must moult to grow)
all arthropods must do what to grow - ANSWER-moult
moult - ANSWER-shedding of exoskeleton regulated by hormones
4 steps of moulting - ANSWER-1. apolysis
2. break down of endocuticle layer
3. new cuticle formed
4. ecydisis
apolysis - ANSWER-the separation of the old cuticle from the underlying epidermal cells
apolysis is stimulated by what - ANSWER-ecdysteroid moulting hormones release from
prothoracic glands
apolysis creates a new space under the old cuticle for what - ANSWER-for the flow of
digestive fluids
what breaksdown the endocuticle layer of the exoskeleton into metabolites - ANSWER-
the enzymes in the digestive fluid becoming activated
how is the new cuticle formed - ANSWER-metabolites are reabsorbed by the epidermal
cells and used to form it
ecdysis - ANSWER-the old cuticle is cast off
new cuticle after moulting will be what - ANSWER-pale and soft
what does the arthropod do to make their bodies bigger before the new cuticle hardens
- ANSWER-they contract muscles to increase internal fluid pressures
the new body size can be even more increased if the arthropod does what - ANSWER-
swallows air or water to inflate the gut
arthropods are extremely vulnerable to what before the new exoskeleton hardens -
ANSWER-predation and dessication
first arthropods appeared when - ANSWER-during the cambrian period (>520 mya)
who were the most successful ancient arthropods - ANSWER-trilobites
, trilobites survived until when - ANSWER-the end of the permian period
trilobites - ANSWER-arthropods with spiny exoskeletons likely used for defence
trilobites lived where - ANSWER-solely in marine environments
earliest land animals were what - ANSWER-arthropods
land arthropods were in what period - ANSWER-silurian period (440-420 mya)
what kept the earlier land arthropods from drying out - ANSWER-their exoskeleton
spiders and dragonflies came in what period - ANSWER-carboniferous (300 mya)
ants came in what period - ANSWER-cretaceous (140 mya)
bees came from what period - ANSWER-paleogene (34 mya)
phylogeny - ANSWER-evolutionary history of related organisms
taxonomy - ANSWER-used to define, name, and group biological organisms
8 groups of taxonomy - ANSWER-1. domain
2. kingdom
3. phylum
4. class
5. order
6. family
7. genus
8. species
all animals belong to which kingdom - ANSWER-animalia
arthropods belong to what phylum - ANSWER-arthropoda
4 major groupings of arthropods - ANSWER-1. chelicerata
2. myriapoda
3. crustacea
4. hexapoda
chelicerata (5) - ANSWER-horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites
3 roles of chelicerata - ANSWER-1. predators (of other arthropods)
2. herbivores
3. parasites
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
insect represent what percent of all known species - ANSWER-over 50%
vertebrates - ANSWER-have an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) with vertebrae
arranged into a spinal column
invertebrates - ANSWER-no vertebrae (no internal support structure) they have support
outside their body (exoskeleton)
two functions of the vertebral column - ANSWER-1. provides support against gravity
2. allows for large body sizes
vertebrate animals (5) - ANSWER-1. amphibians
2. fish
3. reptiles
4. birds
5. mammals
more than 90% of all species are what - ANSWER-invertebrates
most recognized species of invertebrates - ANSWER-arthropods
arthron - ANSWER-joint
podos - ANSWER-feet
arthropod means what - ANSWER-jointed appendages
two functions of jointed appendages - ANSWER-1. locomotion
2. modified for different structures (antennae, mouth parts, reproductive structures)
how many known species of arthropods are there - ANSWER-about 1.2 million
arthropods include what groups (6) - ANSWER-1. crabs
2. lobsters
3. spiders
4. scorpion
5. millipedes
6. centipedes
7. insects
,5 characteristics of arthropods - ANSWER-1. bilateral symmetry
2. segmented bodies
3. ventral nerve cords
4. dorsal blood vessels
5. exoskeletons
bilateral symmetry - ANSWER-split along the anterior-posterior axis (forming a single
plane of symmetry, separating into left and right sides)
jellyfish almost have perfect of what type of symmetry - ANSWER-radial
open circulatory system of arthropods - ANSWER-don't have a network of blood
vessels, they have a single dorsal blood vessel with large openings at either end
in arthropods, tissues are directly exposed to what - ANSWER-blood
exoskeleton two features - ANSWER-hard and flexible
exoskeleton of arthropods is made up of what - ANSWER-cuticle and epidermis
exoskeleton cuticle is made up of which two things - ANSWER-chitin and protein
3 layers of the exoskeleton cuticle - ANSWER-1. waxy epicuticle
2. exocuticle
3. endocuticle
exocuticle is hardened by what - ANSWER-tanning
endocuticle features - ANSWER-unhardened and stretchy
epidermis of exoskeleton lies where - ANSWER-below the endocuticle
basement membrane of exoskeleton - ANSWER-thin tissue under epidermis
(separating it form the body cavity)
5 functions of the exoskeleton of arthropods - ANSWER-1. protects from damage
2. reduces water loss
3. site for muscle attachment
4. barrier against microorganisms
5. supports internal organs
which part of the exoskeleton reduces water loss - ANSWER-the epicuticle
which part of the exoskeleton acts as a barrier against microorganisms - ANSWER-
epicuticle
,tanning in exoskeleton - ANSWER-a crosslinking of proteins in the chitin protein matrix
(sclerotization)
tanning in exoskeleton can be achieved how - ANSWER-by mineralization
disadvantage of exoskeleton - ANSWER-limits growth (so they must moult to grow)
all arthropods must do what to grow - ANSWER-moult
moult - ANSWER-shedding of exoskeleton regulated by hormones
4 steps of moulting - ANSWER-1. apolysis
2. break down of endocuticle layer
3. new cuticle formed
4. ecydisis
apolysis - ANSWER-the separation of the old cuticle from the underlying epidermal cells
apolysis is stimulated by what - ANSWER-ecdysteroid moulting hormones release from
prothoracic glands
apolysis creates a new space under the old cuticle for what - ANSWER-for the flow of
digestive fluids
what breaksdown the endocuticle layer of the exoskeleton into metabolites - ANSWER-
the enzymes in the digestive fluid becoming activated
how is the new cuticle formed - ANSWER-metabolites are reabsorbed by the epidermal
cells and used to form it
ecdysis - ANSWER-the old cuticle is cast off
new cuticle after moulting will be what - ANSWER-pale and soft
what does the arthropod do to make their bodies bigger before the new cuticle hardens
- ANSWER-they contract muscles to increase internal fluid pressures
the new body size can be even more increased if the arthropod does what - ANSWER-
swallows air or water to inflate the gut
arthropods are extremely vulnerable to what before the new exoskeleton hardens -
ANSWER-predation and dessication
first arthropods appeared when - ANSWER-during the cambrian period (>520 mya)
who were the most successful ancient arthropods - ANSWER-trilobites
, trilobites survived until when - ANSWER-the end of the permian period
trilobites - ANSWER-arthropods with spiny exoskeletons likely used for defence
trilobites lived where - ANSWER-solely in marine environments
earliest land animals were what - ANSWER-arthropods
land arthropods were in what period - ANSWER-silurian period (440-420 mya)
what kept the earlier land arthropods from drying out - ANSWER-their exoskeleton
spiders and dragonflies came in what period - ANSWER-carboniferous (300 mya)
ants came in what period - ANSWER-cretaceous (140 mya)
bees came from what period - ANSWER-paleogene (34 mya)
phylogeny - ANSWER-evolutionary history of related organisms
taxonomy - ANSWER-used to define, name, and group biological organisms
8 groups of taxonomy - ANSWER-1. domain
2. kingdom
3. phylum
4. class
5. order
6. family
7. genus
8. species
all animals belong to which kingdom - ANSWER-animalia
arthropods belong to what phylum - ANSWER-arthropoda
4 major groupings of arthropods - ANSWER-1. chelicerata
2. myriapoda
3. crustacea
4. hexapoda
chelicerata (5) - ANSWER-horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites
3 roles of chelicerata - ANSWER-1. predators (of other arthropods)
2. herbivores
3. parasites
