Final Exam Questions: cumulative- 55
questions - 50% from first 2/3 - 50% from
last 1/3 2025 EXAM
What produces sound? - CORRECT ANSWERS in ordinary breathing, air flows out of
the lungs and up through the nose and mouth. Noise is produced, however, if this
airflow is interrupted or altered, and this capability enables humans to produce a wide
range of sounds
Ways to categorize sounds - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. Manner of Production
2. Voicing or no Voicing
3. Place of articulation
voicing - CORRECT ANSWERS Within the larynx there are two flaps of muscular
tissue called the " vocal folds". The vocal cords can be rapidly opened and closed,
producing a buzzing sort of vibration known as voicing
voiced: "z"
not voiced: "s"
manner of production - CORRECT ANSWERS the way in which the airstream is
modified as it passes through the vocal tract(narrowing of air passage way)
-sounds can be distinguished according to how airflow is restricted
placing your tongue's tip near the roof of your mouth, just behind your teeth: hissing
sound
position tongue so that it creates a narrow gap a bit further back in the mouth: shhh
the narrow gap can be more toward the front: "f"
place of articulation - CORRECT ANSWERS sounds can be categorized according to
where the airflow is restricted
-bilabial: close you lips: "b"
-labiodental: place your teeth close to your bottom: "f"
-alveolar: place your tongue just behind your upper teeth: "t" and "d"
coarticulation - CORRECT ANSWERS in producing speech, you don't utter one
phoneme at a time. Instead, the phoneme's "overlap", and so, while you're producing
the "s" sound in "soup" your mouth is getting ready to say the vowel.
,speech segmentation - CORRECT ANSWERS The process of perceiving individual
words within the continuous flow of the speech signal.
-the first step to phoneme identification
-slicing the stream of auditory input into appropriate segments
-there are actually no pauses between words, but speech segmentation allows us to put
in these pauses
What are the things that determine how sound is perceived(in textbook) - CORRECT
ANSWERS -the speech you encounter is surprisingly limited in its range(it has been
estimated that the 50 most commonly used words in English make up more than half of
the words you actually hear).
-you don't rely only on the stimuli you receive; instead, you supplement this input with
other knowledge, guided by the context n which a word appears.(shown with phonemic
restoration effect)
-categorical perception: people are much better at hearing the differences between
categories of sounds than they are at hearing the variations within a category of sounds
phonemic restoration effect - CORRECT ANSWERS When a phoneme in a word is
heard even though it is obscured by a noise, such as a cough. This typically occurs
when the word is part of a sentence.
categorical perception - CORRECT ANSWERS The ability to perceive sounds as
belonging to different phoneme categories (e.g. that ability to differentiate between /p/
and /b/)
Fechner's Law - CORRECT ANSWERS increase in stimulus intensity needed to
perceive a change in intensity is proportional to original stimulus intensity.
-when the volume is initially low, a subtle change can be detected
-when the volume is initially high, the the volume need to increase a lot to be able to
detect a change in volume
Colour vision - CORRECT ANSWERS -different colours have different
wavelengths(high frequency=low wavelengths=blue, low frequency=long wavelegths =
red)
-the perceived colour of an object depends on which light components are absorbed by
the material of that object(all colours shine down the material(the colours that are
absorbed are not reflected), and reflects a certain colour-the one that wasn't absorbed)
-Black is the result of the object absorbing all colours and not reflecting anything
-certain photoreceptors in the retina(cones) are sensitive to different wavelengths
cones vs rod - CORRECT ANSWERS cones: cones are concentrated in phobia and
fovea (colour)
,rods: perceive grey scale information
Trichromatic theory - CORRECT ANSWERS theory of color vision that proposes three
types of cones: red, blue, and green
Posner cueing paradigm-Peripheral cue- exogenous - CORRECT ANSWERS on a
screen, there are two boxes on either side of the screen.
-eyes are supposed to be fixed at the center
-all of a sudden, one of the two boxes flashes(outline of box gets a little thicker)
-then an asterix appears in either one of the box
-cued trial: when the asterix appears in the box that was flashed
-uncued trial: when the asterix appears in the unflashed box.
- we can also vary the SOA
task of participant: stare at the middle of the screen, and as soon as you see the asterix
bang a key on the keyboard
hypothesis. you should have a faster reaction time when the asterix appears in the cued
location.
results:
When the SOA is short, reaction times in the cued target are much smaller(faster) than
the uncued target(cueing effect).
When the SOA is long, reaction times in the uncued target are much smaller(faster)
than the cued target(inhibition of return).
exogenous orienting - CORRECT ANSWERS your attention is being reflexively drawn
to one location in space
SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony) - CORRECT ANSWERS the amount of time that
elapses between when the cue appears and when the target appears
inhibition of return - CORRECT ANSWERS When the SOA is long, reaction times in
the uncued target are much smaller(faster) than the cued target
cueing effect - CORRECT ANSWERS When the SOA is short, reaction times in the
cued target are much smaller(faster) than the uncued target.
possible explanation to inhibition of return - CORRECT ANSWERS -when there is a
long delay. you get bored. and wander back to the middle.
-sort of like habituation effect
-preference for novelty
endogenous orienting- central cue - CORRECT ANSWERS -instead of a box flashing.
-not reflexive.
-its up to the observer to move your attention in the direction the arrow is pointing
, -you don't see inhibition of return in an endogenous task
exogenous vs endogenous - CORRECT ANSWERS exogenous: pull
endogenous: push
prosopagnosia - CORRECT ANSWERS -face blindness
-difficulty identifying familiar faces
-can be congenital(have it from birth) or acquired from brain injury
-often results from damage to parts of fusiform gyrus- fusiform face area(FFA)
-can tell if its a girl or boy, if its old or young, but not who it is
-can't recognize own faces
ventral stream and face perception - CORRECT ANSWERS -sub-regions within IT(i.e.
fusiform gyrus) play important role in face perception
-some sub-regions contain exclusively (approx 97%) face-selective cells
thatcher illusion - CORRECT ANSWERS A phenomenon in which people have difficulty
noticing local feature changes (e.g., upside down eyes or mouth) in an upside down
face.
-you look at a face as whole upside down which is why it's hard to noticed flipped mouth
upside down.
-inversion is particularly detrimental for face recognition(we don't have trouble with
inverted house features)
face recognition - CORRECT ANSWERS -occurs in a holistic approach- as a whole
-composite effect
pop out visual search task(feature search) - CORRECT ANSWERS homogenous
background
-all distractor items are blue
-target item is red
-one feature of the target that is different from the background
-when you increase the number of distractor items, reaction time is constant
search is carried out in "parallel"
conjuctive visual search - CORRECT ANSWERS -combines multiple features of a
target.
-each distractor item contains atleast of of the two or more features of the target
-when you increase the number of distractor items, reaction time gets bigger and bigger
-search is carried out in"serial"
-requires feature binding which is attentionally demanding
illusionary conjunctions - attention - CORRECT ANSWERS -when attention is divided ,
participants often make "conjunction errors"
-the role of attention is to bind features together. but since attention was divided
elsewhere, you couldn't bind the features together
questions - 50% from first 2/3 - 50% from
last 1/3 2025 EXAM
What produces sound? - CORRECT ANSWERS in ordinary breathing, air flows out of
the lungs and up through the nose and mouth. Noise is produced, however, if this
airflow is interrupted or altered, and this capability enables humans to produce a wide
range of sounds
Ways to categorize sounds - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. Manner of Production
2. Voicing or no Voicing
3. Place of articulation
voicing - CORRECT ANSWERS Within the larynx there are two flaps of muscular
tissue called the " vocal folds". The vocal cords can be rapidly opened and closed,
producing a buzzing sort of vibration known as voicing
voiced: "z"
not voiced: "s"
manner of production - CORRECT ANSWERS the way in which the airstream is
modified as it passes through the vocal tract(narrowing of air passage way)
-sounds can be distinguished according to how airflow is restricted
placing your tongue's tip near the roof of your mouth, just behind your teeth: hissing
sound
position tongue so that it creates a narrow gap a bit further back in the mouth: shhh
the narrow gap can be more toward the front: "f"
place of articulation - CORRECT ANSWERS sounds can be categorized according to
where the airflow is restricted
-bilabial: close you lips: "b"
-labiodental: place your teeth close to your bottom: "f"
-alveolar: place your tongue just behind your upper teeth: "t" and "d"
coarticulation - CORRECT ANSWERS in producing speech, you don't utter one
phoneme at a time. Instead, the phoneme's "overlap", and so, while you're producing
the "s" sound in "soup" your mouth is getting ready to say the vowel.
,speech segmentation - CORRECT ANSWERS The process of perceiving individual
words within the continuous flow of the speech signal.
-the first step to phoneme identification
-slicing the stream of auditory input into appropriate segments
-there are actually no pauses between words, but speech segmentation allows us to put
in these pauses
What are the things that determine how sound is perceived(in textbook) - CORRECT
ANSWERS -the speech you encounter is surprisingly limited in its range(it has been
estimated that the 50 most commonly used words in English make up more than half of
the words you actually hear).
-you don't rely only on the stimuli you receive; instead, you supplement this input with
other knowledge, guided by the context n which a word appears.(shown with phonemic
restoration effect)
-categorical perception: people are much better at hearing the differences between
categories of sounds than they are at hearing the variations within a category of sounds
phonemic restoration effect - CORRECT ANSWERS When a phoneme in a word is
heard even though it is obscured by a noise, such as a cough. This typically occurs
when the word is part of a sentence.
categorical perception - CORRECT ANSWERS The ability to perceive sounds as
belonging to different phoneme categories (e.g. that ability to differentiate between /p/
and /b/)
Fechner's Law - CORRECT ANSWERS increase in stimulus intensity needed to
perceive a change in intensity is proportional to original stimulus intensity.
-when the volume is initially low, a subtle change can be detected
-when the volume is initially high, the the volume need to increase a lot to be able to
detect a change in volume
Colour vision - CORRECT ANSWERS -different colours have different
wavelengths(high frequency=low wavelengths=blue, low frequency=long wavelegths =
red)
-the perceived colour of an object depends on which light components are absorbed by
the material of that object(all colours shine down the material(the colours that are
absorbed are not reflected), and reflects a certain colour-the one that wasn't absorbed)
-Black is the result of the object absorbing all colours and not reflecting anything
-certain photoreceptors in the retina(cones) are sensitive to different wavelengths
cones vs rod - CORRECT ANSWERS cones: cones are concentrated in phobia and
fovea (colour)
,rods: perceive grey scale information
Trichromatic theory - CORRECT ANSWERS theory of color vision that proposes three
types of cones: red, blue, and green
Posner cueing paradigm-Peripheral cue- exogenous - CORRECT ANSWERS on a
screen, there are two boxes on either side of the screen.
-eyes are supposed to be fixed at the center
-all of a sudden, one of the two boxes flashes(outline of box gets a little thicker)
-then an asterix appears in either one of the box
-cued trial: when the asterix appears in the box that was flashed
-uncued trial: when the asterix appears in the unflashed box.
- we can also vary the SOA
task of participant: stare at the middle of the screen, and as soon as you see the asterix
bang a key on the keyboard
hypothesis. you should have a faster reaction time when the asterix appears in the cued
location.
results:
When the SOA is short, reaction times in the cued target are much smaller(faster) than
the uncued target(cueing effect).
When the SOA is long, reaction times in the uncued target are much smaller(faster)
than the cued target(inhibition of return).
exogenous orienting - CORRECT ANSWERS your attention is being reflexively drawn
to one location in space
SOA (stimulus onset asynchrony) - CORRECT ANSWERS the amount of time that
elapses between when the cue appears and when the target appears
inhibition of return - CORRECT ANSWERS When the SOA is long, reaction times in
the uncued target are much smaller(faster) than the cued target
cueing effect - CORRECT ANSWERS When the SOA is short, reaction times in the
cued target are much smaller(faster) than the uncued target.
possible explanation to inhibition of return - CORRECT ANSWERS -when there is a
long delay. you get bored. and wander back to the middle.
-sort of like habituation effect
-preference for novelty
endogenous orienting- central cue - CORRECT ANSWERS -instead of a box flashing.
-not reflexive.
-its up to the observer to move your attention in the direction the arrow is pointing
, -you don't see inhibition of return in an endogenous task
exogenous vs endogenous - CORRECT ANSWERS exogenous: pull
endogenous: push
prosopagnosia - CORRECT ANSWERS -face blindness
-difficulty identifying familiar faces
-can be congenital(have it from birth) or acquired from brain injury
-often results from damage to parts of fusiform gyrus- fusiform face area(FFA)
-can tell if its a girl or boy, if its old or young, but not who it is
-can't recognize own faces
ventral stream and face perception - CORRECT ANSWERS -sub-regions within IT(i.e.
fusiform gyrus) play important role in face perception
-some sub-regions contain exclusively (approx 97%) face-selective cells
thatcher illusion - CORRECT ANSWERS A phenomenon in which people have difficulty
noticing local feature changes (e.g., upside down eyes or mouth) in an upside down
face.
-you look at a face as whole upside down which is why it's hard to noticed flipped mouth
upside down.
-inversion is particularly detrimental for face recognition(we don't have trouble with
inverted house features)
face recognition - CORRECT ANSWERS -occurs in a holistic approach- as a whole
-composite effect
pop out visual search task(feature search) - CORRECT ANSWERS homogenous
background
-all distractor items are blue
-target item is red
-one feature of the target that is different from the background
-when you increase the number of distractor items, reaction time is constant
search is carried out in "parallel"
conjuctive visual search - CORRECT ANSWERS -combines multiple features of a
target.
-each distractor item contains atleast of of the two or more features of the target
-when you increase the number of distractor items, reaction time gets bigger and bigger
-search is carried out in"serial"
-requires feature binding which is attentionally demanding
illusionary conjunctions - attention - CORRECT ANSWERS -when attention is divided ,
participants often make "conjunction errors"
-the role of attention is to bind features together. but since attention was divided
elsewhere, you couldn't bind the features together
