NSG 3280 exam 3 study guide 2025/ Best latest
study guide / 100% verified answers / Graded A+
What is an ischemic stroke? (patho) - ANSWER Sudden occlusion of cerebral artery due to a
thrombus (blood clot) or embolus (travelling clot)
What causes thrombotic strokes? (etiology) - ANSWER Atherosclerosis, coagulopathies, clot in
brain
What causes embolic strokes? (etiology) - ANSWER Cardiac dysfunction, dysrhythmias - atrial
fibrillation (a. fib)
What are the clinical manifestations of an ischemic stroke? - ANSWER Contralateral hemiplegia
(paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss, contralateral field blindness
What are diagnostics for strokes? - ANSWER CT, MRI, CT-A, symptomology
What is a hemorrhagic stroke? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Hemorrhage within the brain
parenchyma (brain's functional tissue), secondary to severe/chronic hypertension, most occur in
basal ganglia/thalamus, higher mortality than ischemic stroke
What are the clinical manifestations of a hemorrhagic stroke? - ANSWER Similar to ischemic
stroke - contralateral hemiplegia (paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss,
contralateral visual field blindness, plus signs of increased ICP/brain herniation, headache
What is bursitis? - ANSWER inflammation of the bursae (small fluid-filled sacs surrounding the
joints)
,What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Genetic, X-linked trait - only
affects males, muscle cells deficient in dystrophin (a protein that allows fluid to leak into cells)
What are the clinical manifestations of Duchenne muscular dystrophy? - ANSWER Calf muscles
enlarged due to infiltration of fat cells and degeneration of muscle fibers, inflammation leads to
muscle fiber necrosis & muscle degeneration, progressive muscle weakness, frequent falling by
age 5-6 y/o, children 12-14 y/o usually confined to wheelchair, survival is grim due to heart
failure and pulmonary infection
What is Osteoporosis? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Bone density degradation, rate of bone
resorption is greater than bone formation
What are the risk factors for Osteoporosis? - ANSWER Female, Caucasian, Asian, menopause -
decreased estrogen, family history, increased age, smoking, alcohol consumption, type 1
diabetes, medications: corticosteroids, antiepileptic agents, thyroid supplements
What are the diagnostics for Osteoporosis? - ANSWER Dual-energy Xray absorptiometry (DEXA)
scan, CT, assessment of risk factors
What are the clinical manifestations of Osteoporosis? - ANSWER Multivariate depending on risk
factors & age-related changes, asymptomatic until fracture, wrist, hips, ankles, chronic changes
in bone structure may impair breathing, stooping, leads to muscle spasms & immobility joints
What is Paget disease? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Metabolic bone disease, excessive
reabsorption followed by excessive bone formation, weak & less structurally compact bone,
theories - genetic, viral infection affects osteoclastic (cells that break down) function
What are the diagnostics for Paget disease? - ANSWER Inspection/physical exam, mosaic bone
features on x-ray, family history
, What are the clinical manifestations of Paget disease? - ANSWER Undetected in acute phase,
symptoms after age 40, difficult to detect (genetic/viral), early: asymptomatic, progressed: stiff
joints, progressively worsening pain, bending/soft/pliable bones, subperiosteal bone formation
becomes hard & thickened, cranial bone thickening leading to vertigo, dizziness, facial paralysis,
and blindness
What is Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Neurological disease, leads
to bone & joint abnormalities, can be a complication of peripheral nerve injury/DM/pernicious
anemia/multiple sclerosis (MS)/syringomyelia - fluid-filled cyst in spinal cord
Loss of proprioception (body awareness) & pain responses, motor neuron involvement can
affect both upper & lower motor neurons
What are the diagnostics for Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - ANSWER Xray, co-morbidities
What are the clinical manifestations Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - ANSWER Painful, swollen,
deformed joints, unstable joints
What is sensorineural hearing loss? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Hearing is disturbed in the inner
ear in the cochlea or vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain, usually irreversible, caused by long-
term exposure to loud sounds, ototoxic medication, trauma, metabolic causes, aging, certain
diseases
What is Osteoarthritis? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Degenerative joint disease, common,
progressive, noninflammatory disease of diarthrodial joints (weight-bearing)
Progressive loss of articular cartilage & formation of subchondral bone & new bone at joint
margins, wear & tear on joints (obesity, joint trauma, congenital disorders, lifestyle, occupation,
genetic predisposition, post-menopause)
What is a diagnostic used for Osteoarthritis? - ANSWER Xray
study guide / 100% verified answers / Graded A+
What is an ischemic stroke? (patho) - ANSWER Sudden occlusion of cerebral artery due to a
thrombus (blood clot) or embolus (travelling clot)
What causes thrombotic strokes? (etiology) - ANSWER Atherosclerosis, coagulopathies, clot in
brain
What causes embolic strokes? (etiology) - ANSWER Cardiac dysfunction, dysrhythmias - atrial
fibrillation (a. fib)
What are the clinical manifestations of an ischemic stroke? - ANSWER Contralateral hemiplegia
(paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss, contralateral field blindness
What are diagnostics for strokes? - ANSWER CT, MRI, CT-A, symptomology
What is a hemorrhagic stroke? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Hemorrhage within the brain
parenchyma (brain's functional tissue), secondary to severe/chronic hypertension, most occur in
basal ganglia/thalamus, higher mortality than ischemic stroke
What are the clinical manifestations of a hemorrhagic stroke? - ANSWER Similar to ischemic
stroke - contralateral hemiplegia (paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss,
contralateral visual field blindness, plus signs of increased ICP/brain herniation, headache
What is bursitis? - ANSWER inflammation of the bursae (small fluid-filled sacs surrounding the
joints)
,What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Genetic, X-linked trait - only
affects males, muscle cells deficient in dystrophin (a protein that allows fluid to leak into cells)
What are the clinical manifestations of Duchenne muscular dystrophy? - ANSWER Calf muscles
enlarged due to infiltration of fat cells and degeneration of muscle fibers, inflammation leads to
muscle fiber necrosis & muscle degeneration, progressive muscle weakness, frequent falling by
age 5-6 y/o, children 12-14 y/o usually confined to wheelchair, survival is grim due to heart
failure and pulmonary infection
What is Osteoporosis? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Bone density degradation, rate of bone
resorption is greater than bone formation
What are the risk factors for Osteoporosis? - ANSWER Female, Caucasian, Asian, menopause -
decreased estrogen, family history, increased age, smoking, alcohol consumption, type 1
diabetes, medications: corticosteroids, antiepileptic agents, thyroid supplements
What are the diagnostics for Osteoporosis? - ANSWER Dual-energy Xray absorptiometry (DEXA)
scan, CT, assessment of risk factors
What are the clinical manifestations of Osteoporosis? - ANSWER Multivariate depending on risk
factors & age-related changes, asymptomatic until fracture, wrist, hips, ankles, chronic changes
in bone structure may impair breathing, stooping, leads to muscle spasms & immobility joints
What is Paget disease? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Metabolic bone disease, excessive
reabsorption followed by excessive bone formation, weak & less structurally compact bone,
theories - genetic, viral infection affects osteoclastic (cells that break down) function
What are the diagnostics for Paget disease? - ANSWER Inspection/physical exam, mosaic bone
features on x-ray, family history
, What are the clinical manifestations of Paget disease? - ANSWER Undetected in acute phase,
symptoms after age 40, difficult to detect (genetic/viral), early: asymptomatic, progressed: stiff
joints, progressively worsening pain, bending/soft/pliable bones, subperiosteal bone formation
becomes hard & thickened, cranial bone thickening leading to vertigo, dizziness, facial paralysis,
and blindness
What is Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Neurological disease, leads
to bone & joint abnormalities, can be a complication of peripheral nerve injury/DM/pernicious
anemia/multiple sclerosis (MS)/syringomyelia - fluid-filled cyst in spinal cord
Loss of proprioception (body awareness) & pain responses, motor neuron involvement can
affect both upper & lower motor neurons
What are the diagnostics for Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - ANSWER Xray, co-morbidities
What are the clinical manifestations Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - ANSWER Painful, swollen,
deformed joints, unstable joints
What is sensorineural hearing loss? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Hearing is disturbed in the inner
ear in the cochlea or vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain, usually irreversible, caused by long-
term exposure to loud sounds, ototoxic medication, trauma, metabolic causes, aging, certain
diseases
What is Osteoarthritis? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER Degenerative joint disease, common,
progressive, noninflammatory disease of diarthrodial joints (weight-bearing)
Progressive loss of articular cartilage & formation of subchondral bone & new bone at joint
margins, wear & tear on joints (obesity, joint trauma, congenital disorders, lifestyle, occupation,
genetic predisposition, post-menopause)
What is a diagnostic used for Osteoarthritis? - ANSWER Xray
