2025 Advanced Pathophysiology
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS EXAM - ACTUAL EXAM
WITH A STUDY GUIDE AND PRACTICE EXAM |
GUARANTEED PASS | LATEST UPDATE
The american college of cardiology and the american heart association have the
following classifications for blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER normal: <
120/80
elevated 120-129/ <80
hypertension stage 1: 130-139/ 80-89
hypertension stage 2: > 140/ 90
**The higher value determines the stage
What two factors play a role in primary/essential HTN - CORRECT ANSWER
genetics and the environment
Altered hemodynamics from an underlying primary disease or drug contributes to? -
CORRECT ANSWER Secondary HTN
What is the most significant factor in causing targeted organ damage? - CORRECT
ANSWER systolic HTN
HTN increases the risk of having what 3 medical conditions: - CORRECT ANSWER
MI, Renal disease and stroke
What are risk factors for hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER High salt and fat
intake, obesity, stress, alcohol consumption, inactivity, caffeine, and vitamin D
deficiency, African American, DM, cigarettes
Define primary hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER an overactivity of the SNS and
RAAS and alterations to the natriuretic peptides
What factors contribute to primary HTN - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation
endothelial dysfunction
obesity-related hormones
insulin resistance
,A systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance and or cardiac
output coincides with? - CORRECT ANSWER Secondary HTN
What is complicated hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER -chronic hypertensive
damage to the walls of systemic blood vessels
-smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia with fibrosis (development
of excessive fibrous connective tissue) of the tunica intima and media
-REMODLING
Malignant hypertension/hypertensive crisis - CORRECT ANSWER rare, life-
threatening type of hypertension evidenced by optic-nerve (eye) edema and extremely
high systolic and diastolic blood pressure ~ diastolic is using greater than 140 ~
STROKE
What are the clinical manifestations of hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER early
stages have no s/s ~ slow onset
A patient says they heard that hypertension can be present for many years without
knowing. How would you respond? - CORRECT ANSWER Yes, HTN is known as
the silent disease and comprehensive physicals and identification of risk factors are
pivotal to catching HTN.
An individual has primary HTN and recurrent strokes. Which drug should the nurse
prepare to administer? - CORRECT ANSWER Ace inhibitors.
A decrease in SBP and DBP upon standing by > 20/10 mmHg is considered what? -
CORRECT ANSWER Orthostatic hypotension
The lack in compensation in response to gravitational changes on circulation, leading to
pooling and vasodilation coincides with? - CORRECT ANSWER orthostatic
hypotension
What is the difference between primary and secondary orthostatic hypotension? -
CORRECT ANSWER primary: change in position
secondary: neurological, aging or dehydration
What is the main clinical manifestation of orthostatic hypotension - CORRECT
ANSWER fainting upon standing
The roughening of the tunica intima by atherosclerosis is? - CORRECT ANSWER
arterial thrombus formation and activation fo the coagulation cascade
,Define embolism - CORRECT ANSWER obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign
substance or blood clot. Emboli may be solid, liquid, or gaseous and may arise from the
body or may enter from without.
where do many arterial emboli originate? - CORRECT ANSWER The heart~ after
an MI, valve disease, endocarditis, dysrhythmias and heart failure
An embolism results in ischemia, infarction, or necrosis to the proximal or distal
location? - CORRECT ANSWER distal ~ devoid of erythrocytes
Define the main types of embolism - CORRECT ANSWER thromboembolism:
vascular obstruction from dislodged thrombus
air embolism: room air enters the circulation
amniotic fluid embolism: forced into the mothers blood stream
bacterial: infectious endocarditis
Fat: trauma to log bones causes globules of fat to form in blood
Foreign matter: trauma or intravenous line
A thickening and hardening caused by the accumulation of lipid lade macrophages in
the arterial wall is? - CORRECT ANSWER atherosclerosis
What is the leading cause of CAD and CVA - CORRECT ANSWER atherosclerosis
What are the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis? - CORRECT ANSWER
Depends on organs affected **
- inadequate perfusion to the tissue in question
A person has atherosclerosis. Which pathophysiologic process has occurred? -
CORRECT ANSWER Macrophages release enzymes and toxic oxygen radicals
create oxidative stress.
Peripheral artery disease is a result of? - CORRECT ANSWER atherosclerotic
disease of the arteries that perfused limbs ~ especially lower extremities
Those persons that smoke and have DM are most likely to have what type of arterial
disease? - CORRECT ANSWER PAD
What is intermittent claudication? - CORRECT ANSWER Leg pain that is brought
on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/
arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of
the leg and with same amount of distance ~ obstruction of arterial blood flow in the
iliofemoral vessels
, Any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries is considered? -
CORRECT ANSWER CAD
CAD is the imbalance of? - CORRECT ANSWER coronary supply of blood and
myocardial demand for oxygen and nutrients
Dyslipidemia has a strong link between? - CORRECT ANSWER Lipoproteins and
CAD
Define triglycerides - CORRECT ANSWER dietary fat packaged into chylomicrons
for absorption into the small intestine
What are chylomicrons? - CORRECT ANSWER Chylomicrons are tiny fatty
droplets composed of triglycerides, small amounts of phospholipids, cholesterol, free
fatty acids, and some protein.
What makes up the different cholesterol molecules? - CORRECT ANSWER VLDL:
mainly triglycerides + carrier protein
LDL: cholesterol + carrier protein
HDL: phospholipid + carrier protein
What molecule is responsible for reverse cholesterol transport? - CORRECT
ANSWER HDL
Increased LDL, Low levels of HDL, elevated serum VLDL and increased lipoprotein are
all indicators for? - CORRECT ANSWER Coronary risk
What is a reversible myocardial ischemia and a harbinger of impending infarction? -
CORRECT ANSWER Unstable Angina
Define unstable angina? - CORRECT ANSWER Transient episodes of thrombotic
vessel occlusion and vasoconstriction at the site of plaque damage with a return of
perfusion before significant myocardial necrosis can occur.
A prolonged ischemia causing irreversible damage to heart muscle and subsequent
myocyte necrosis is? - CORRECT ANSWER Myocardial Infarction
What structure changes occur during an MI? - CORRECT ANSWER Myocardial
stunning
Hibernating myocardium
Myocardial remodling
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS EXAM - ACTUAL EXAM
WITH A STUDY GUIDE AND PRACTICE EXAM |
GUARANTEED PASS | LATEST UPDATE
The american college of cardiology and the american heart association have the
following classifications for blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER normal: <
120/80
elevated 120-129/ <80
hypertension stage 1: 130-139/ 80-89
hypertension stage 2: > 140/ 90
**The higher value determines the stage
What two factors play a role in primary/essential HTN - CORRECT ANSWER
genetics and the environment
Altered hemodynamics from an underlying primary disease or drug contributes to? -
CORRECT ANSWER Secondary HTN
What is the most significant factor in causing targeted organ damage? - CORRECT
ANSWER systolic HTN
HTN increases the risk of having what 3 medical conditions: - CORRECT ANSWER
MI, Renal disease and stroke
What are risk factors for hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER High salt and fat
intake, obesity, stress, alcohol consumption, inactivity, caffeine, and vitamin D
deficiency, African American, DM, cigarettes
Define primary hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER an overactivity of the SNS and
RAAS and alterations to the natriuretic peptides
What factors contribute to primary HTN - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation
endothelial dysfunction
obesity-related hormones
insulin resistance
,A systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance and or cardiac
output coincides with? - CORRECT ANSWER Secondary HTN
What is complicated hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER -chronic hypertensive
damage to the walls of systemic blood vessels
-smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia with fibrosis (development
of excessive fibrous connective tissue) of the tunica intima and media
-REMODLING
Malignant hypertension/hypertensive crisis - CORRECT ANSWER rare, life-
threatening type of hypertension evidenced by optic-nerve (eye) edema and extremely
high systolic and diastolic blood pressure ~ diastolic is using greater than 140 ~
STROKE
What are the clinical manifestations of hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER early
stages have no s/s ~ slow onset
A patient says they heard that hypertension can be present for many years without
knowing. How would you respond? - CORRECT ANSWER Yes, HTN is known as
the silent disease and comprehensive physicals and identification of risk factors are
pivotal to catching HTN.
An individual has primary HTN and recurrent strokes. Which drug should the nurse
prepare to administer? - CORRECT ANSWER Ace inhibitors.
A decrease in SBP and DBP upon standing by > 20/10 mmHg is considered what? -
CORRECT ANSWER Orthostatic hypotension
The lack in compensation in response to gravitational changes on circulation, leading to
pooling and vasodilation coincides with? - CORRECT ANSWER orthostatic
hypotension
What is the difference between primary and secondary orthostatic hypotension? -
CORRECT ANSWER primary: change in position
secondary: neurological, aging or dehydration
What is the main clinical manifestation of orthostatic hypotension - CORRECT
ANSWER fainting upon standing
The roughening of the tunica intima by atherosclerosis is? - CORRECT ANSWER
arterial thrombus formation and activation fo the coagulation cascade
,Define embolism - CORRECT ANSWER obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign
substance or blood clot. Emboli may be solid, liquid, or gaseous and may arise from the
body or may enter from without.
where do many arterial emboli originate? - CORRECT ANSWER The heart~ after
an MI, valve disease, endocarditis, dysrhythmias and heart failure
An embolism results in ischemia, infarction, or necrosis to the proximal or distal
location? - CORRECT ANSWER distal ~ devoid of erythrocytes
Define the main types of embolism - CORRECT ANSWER thromboembolism:
vascular obstruction from dislodged thrombus
air embolism: room air enters the circulation
amniotic fluid embolism: forced into the mothers blood stream
bacterial: infectious endocarditis
Fat: trauma to log bones causes globules of fat to form in blood
Foreign matter: trauma or intravenous line
A thickening and hardening caused by the accumulation of lipid lade macrophages in
the arterial wall is? - CORRECT ANSWER atherosclerosis
What is the leading cause of CAD and CVA - CORRECT ANSWER atherosclerosis
What are the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis? - CORRECT ANSWER
Depends on organs affected **
- inadequate perfusion to the tissue in question
A person has atherosclerosis. Which pathophysiologic process has occurred? -
CORRECT ANSWER Macrophages release enzymes and toxic oxygen radicals
create oxidative stress.
Peripheral artery disease is a result of? - CORRECT ANSWER atherosclerotic
disease of the arteries that perfused limbs ~ especially lower extremities
Those persons that smoke and have DM are most likely to have what type of arterial
disease? - CORRECT ANSWER PAD
What is intermittent claudication? - CORRECT ANSWER Leg pain that is brought
on by exercise and relieved by rest. It is characteristic of peripheral artery occlusion/
arterial insufficiency. It is dull or cramp like and consistently occurs in the same area of
the leg and with same amount of distance ~ obstruction of arterial blood flow in the
iliofemoral vessels
, Any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries is considered? -
CORRECT ANSWER CAD
CAD is the imbalance of? - CORRECT ANSWER coronary supply of blood and
myocardial demand for oxygen and nutrients
Dyslipidemia has a strong link between? - CORRECT ANSWER Lipoproteins and
CAD
Define triglycerides - CORRECT ANSWER dietary fat packaged into chylomicrons
for absorption into the small intestine
What are chylomicrons? - CORRECT ANSWER Chylomicrons are tiny fatty
droplets composed of triglycerides, small amounts of phospholipids, cholesterol, free
fatty acids, and some protein.
What makes up the different cholesterol molecules? - CORRECT ANSWER VLDL:
mainly triglycerides + carrier protein
LDL: cholesterol + carrier protein
HDL: phospholipid + carrier protein
What molecule is responsible for reverse cholesterol transport? - CORRECT
ANSWER HDL
Increased LDL, Low levels of HDL, elevated serum VLDL and increased lipoprotein are
all indicators for? - CORRECT ANSWER Coronary risk
What is a reversible myocardial ischemia and a harbinger of impending infarction? -
CORRECT ANSWER Unstable Angina
Define unstable angina? - CORRECT ANSWER Transient episodes of thrombotic
vessel occlusion and vasoconstriction at the site of plaque damage with a return of
perfusion before significant myocardial necrosis can occur.
A prolonged ischemia causing irreversible damage to heart muscle and subsequent
myocyte necrosis is? - CORRECT ANSWER Myocardial Infarction
What structure changes occur during an MI? - CORRECT ANSWER Myocardial
stunning
Hibernating myocardium
Myocardial remodling
