Test Bank Complete_
Basic And Clinical Pharmacology 15th Edition, (2020)
By Bertram G. Katzung & Anthony J. Trevor
All Chapters 1-67 Covered| Edition With Well Detailed Answers| Grade A+
From: [Bestmaxsolutions.stuvia
,SECTION 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES ___________________________________________________ 5
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF DRUGS & DRUG DEVELOPMENT & REGULATION ______________________ 5
CHAPTER 2. DRUG RECEPTORS & PHARMACODYNAMICS _____________________________________________________ 21
CHAPTER 3. PHARMACOKINETICS & PHARMACODYNAMICS: RATIONAL DOSING & THE TIME COURSE OF DRUG ACTION 36
CHAPTER 4. DRUG BIOTRANSFORMATION _________________________________________________________________ 47
CHAPTER 5. PHARMACOGENOMICS ______________________________________________________________________ 58
SECTION 2: AUTONOMIC DRUGS ________________________________________________ 65
CHAPTER 6. INTRODUCTION TO AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY _______________________________________________ 65
CHAPTER 7. CHOLINOCEPTOR-ACTIVATING & CHOLINESTERASE-INHIBITING DRUGS ______________________________ 80
CHAPTER 8. CHOLINOCEPTOR-BLOCKING DRUGS ___________________________________________________________ 94
CHAPTER 9. ADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS & SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS _______________________________________ 108
CHAPTER 10. ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONIST DRUGS _______________________________________________________ 121
SECTION 3: CARDIOVASCULAR-RENAL DRUGS ____________________________________ 135
CHAPTER 11. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS ________________________________________________________________ 135
CHAPTER 12. VASODILATORS & THE TREATMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS _______________________________________ 150
CHAPTER 13. DRUGS USED IN HEART FAILURE _____________________________________________________________ 163
CHAPTER 14. AGENTS USED IN CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS ____________________________________________________ 176
CHAPTER 15. DIURETIC AGENTS ________________________________________________________________________ 190
SECTION 4: DRUGS WITH IMPORTANT ACTIONS ON SMOOTH MUSCLE ________________ 203
CHAPTER 16. HISTAMINE, SEROTONIN, & THE ERGOT ALKALOIDS _____________________________________________ 203
CHAPTER 17. VASOACTIVE PEPTIDES ____________________________________________________________________ 213
CHAPTER 18. THE EICOSANOIDS: PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANES, LEUKOTRIENES, & RELATED COMPOUNDS ____ 220
CHAPTER 19. NITRIC OXIDE ____________________________________________________________________________ 226
CHAPTER 20. DRUGS USED IN ASTHMA & CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE _________________________ 240
SECTION 5: DRUGS THAT ACT IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ____________________ 251
CHAPTER 21. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHARMACOLOGY OF CNS DRUGS _______________________________________ 251
CHAPTER 22. SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC DRUGS________________________________________________________________ 263
CHAPTER 23. THE ALCOHOLS ___________________________________________________________________________ 278
CHAPTER 24. ANTISEIZURE DRUGS ______________________________________________________________________ 290
CHAPTER 25. GENERAL ANESTHETICS ____________________________________________________________________ 304
CHAPTER 26. LOCAL ANESTHETICS ______________________________________________________________________ 318
CHAPTER 27. SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS ______________________________________________________________ 330
CHAPTER 28. PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF PARKINSONISM & OTHER MOVEMENT DISORDERS _____________ 344
CHAPTER 29. ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS & LITHIUM _________________________________________________________ 357
CHAPTER 30. ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS _________________________________________________________________ 371
, CHAPTER 31. OPIOID AGONISTS & ANTAGONISTS __________________________________________________________ 386
CHAPTER 32. DRUGS OF ABUSE _________________________________________________________________________ 399
SECTION 6: DRUGS USED TO TREAT DISEASES OF THE BLOOD, INFLAMMATION, & GOUT _ 410
CHAPTER 33. AGENTS USED IN CYTOPENIAS; HEMATOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS ______________________________ 410
CHAPTER 34. DRUGS USED IN DISORDERS OF COAGULATION ________________________________________________ 423
CHAPTER 35. AGENTS USED IN DYSLIPIDEMIA _____________________________________________________________ 436
CHAPTER 36. NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS, DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS, NONOPIOID
ANALGESICS, & DRUGS USED IN GOUT ___________________________________________________________________ 450
SECTION 7: ENDOCRINE DRUGS ________________________________________________ 464
CHAPTER 37. HYPOTHALAMIC & PITUITARY HORMONES ____________________________________________________ 464
CHAPTER 38. THYROID & ANTITHYROID DRUGS ___________________________________________________________ 477
CHAPTER 39. ADRENOCORTICOSTEROIDS & ADRENOCORTICAL ANTAGONISTS __________________________________ 491
CHAPTER 40. THE GONADAL HORMONES & INHIBITORS ____________________________________________________ 505
CHAPTER 41. PANCREATIC HORMONES & GLUCOSE-LOWERING DRUGS _______________________________________ 520
CHAPTER 42. AGENTS THAT AFFECT BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS ___________________________________________ 534
SECTION 8: CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS ________________________________________ 549
CHAPTER 43. BETA-LACTAM & OTHER CELL WALL- & MEMBRANE-ACTIVE ANTIBIOTICS __________________________ 549
CHAPTER 44. TETRACYCLINES, MACROLIDES, CLINDAMYCIN, CHLORAMPHENICOL, STREPTOGRAMINS, OXAZOLIDINONES,
& PLEUROMUTILINS __________________________________________________________________________________ 565
CHAPTER 45. AMINOGLYCOSIDES & SPECTINOMYCIN ______________________________________________________ 577
CHAPTER 46. SULFONAMIDES, TRIMETHOPRIM, & QUINOLONES _____________________________________________ 588
CHAPTER 47. ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL DRUGS ______________________________________________________________ 599
CHAPTER 48. ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS _____________________________________________________________________ 610
CHAPTER 49. ANTIVIRAL AGENTS _______________________________________________________________________ 624
CHAPTER 50. MISCELLANEOUS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS; DISINFECTANTS, ANTISEPTICS, & STERILANTS _____________ 638
CHAPTER 51. CLINICAL USE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS ____________________________________________________ 654
CHAPTER 52. ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS ___________________________________________________________________ 666
CHAPTER 53. PHARMACOLOGY OF THE ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS _____________________________________________ 680
CHAPTER 54. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY __________________________________________________________________ 694
CHAPTER 55. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY _________________________________________________________________ 709
SECTION 9: TOXICOLOGY _____________________________________________________ 724
CHAPTER 56. INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY: OCCUPATIONAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ____________________________ 724
CHAPTER 57. HEAVY METAL INTOXICATION & CHELATORS __________________________________________________ 749
CHAPTER 58. MANAGEMENT OF THE POISONED PATIENT ___________________________________________________ 760
SECTION 10: SPECIAL TOPICS __________________________________________________ 772
CHAPTER 59. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF PERINATAL & PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY __________________________________ 772
,CHAPTER 60. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF GERIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY ______________________________________________ 779
CHAPTER 61. DERMATOLOGIC PHARMACOLOGY __________________________________________________________ 784
CHAPTER 62. DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES _______________________________ 789
CHAPTER 63. CANNABINOID DRUGS _____________________________________________________________________ 803
CHAPTER 64. THERAPEUTIC & TOXIC POTENTIAL OF OVER-THE-COUNTER AGENTS _______________________________ 814
CHAPTER 65. DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS & HERBAL MEDICATIONS ______________________________________________ 829
CHAPTER 66. RATIONAL PRESCRIBING & PRESCRIPTION WRITING ____________________________________________ 832
CHAPTER 67. IMPORTANT DRUG INTERACTIONS & THEIR MECHANISMS _______________________________________ 848
,SECTION 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF DRUGS & DRUG DEVELOPMENT & REGULATION
BERTRAM G. KATZUNG: BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 15TH EDITION, (2020) TEST BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A NURSE WORKING IN RADIOLOGY ADMINISTERS IODINE TO A PATIENT WHO IS HAVING A
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCAN. THE NURSE WORKING ON THE ONCOLOGY UNIT
ADMINISTERS CHEMOTHERAPY TO PATIENTS WHO HAVE CANCER. AT THE PUBLIC HEALTH
DEPARTMENT, A NURSE ADMINISTERS A MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA (MMR) VACCINE TO A 14-
MONTH-OLD CHILD AS A ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION. WHICH BRANCH OF PHARMACOLOGY BEST
DESCRIBES THE ACTIONS OF ALL THREE NURSES?
A) PHARMACOECONOMICS
B) PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
C) PHARMACODYNAMICS
D) PHARMACOKINETICS
ANS: B
FEEDBACK:
PHARMACOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS. NURSES ARE
INVOLVED WITH CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS, WHICH IS A BRANCH
OF PHARMACOLOGY THAT DEALS WITH THE USES OF DRUGS TO TREAT, PREVENT, AND DIAGNOSE
DISEASE. THE RADIOLOGY NURSE IS ADMINISTERING A DRUG TO HELP DIAGNOSE A DISEASE. THE
ONCOLOGY NURSE IS ADMINISTERING A DRUG TO HELP TREAT A DISEASE. PHARMACOECONOMICS
INCLUDES ANY COSTS INVOLVED IN DRUG THERAPY.
PHARMACODYNAMICS INVOLVES HOW A DRUG AFFECTS THE BODY AND PHARMACOKINETICS IS
HOW THE BODY ACTS ON THE BODY.
2. WHEN INVOLVED IN PHASE III DRUG EVALUATION STUDIES, WHAT RESPONSIBILITIES WOULD
THE NURSE HAVE?
A) WORKING WITH ANIMALS WHO ARE GIVEN EXPERIMENTAL DRUGS
B) CHOOSING APPROPRIATE PATIENTS TO BE INVOLVED IN THE DRUG STUDY
C) MONITORING AND OBSERVING PATIENTS CLOSELY FOR ADVERSE EFFECTS
D) CONDUCTING RESEARCH TO DETERMINE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRUG
ANS: C
FEEDBACK:
PHASE III STUDIES INVOLVE USE OF A DRUG IN A VAST CLINICAL POPULATION IN WHICH PATIENTS
ARE ASKED TO RECORD ANY SYMPTOMS THEY EXPERIENCE WHILE TAKING THE DRUGS. NURSES
,MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR HELPING COLLECT AND ANALYZE THE INFORMATION TO BE SHARED
WITH THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) BUT WOULD NOT CONDUCT RESEARCH
INDEPENDENTLY BECAUSE NURSES DO NOT PRESCRIBE MEDICATIONS. USE OF ANIMALS IN DRUG
TESTING IS DONE IN THE PRECLINICAL TRIALS. SELECT PATIENTS WHO ARE INVOLVED IN PHASE II
STUDIES TO PARTICIPATE IN STUDIES WHERE THE PARTICIPANTS HAVE THE DISEASE THE DRUG IS
INTENDED TO TREAT. THESE PATIENTS ARE MONITORED CLOSELY FOR DRUG ACTION AND
ADVERSE EFFECTS. PHASE I STUDIES INVOLVE HEALTHY HUMAN VOLUNTEERS WHO ARE USUALLY
PAID FOR THEIR PARTICIPATION. NURSES MAY OBSERVE FOR ADVERSE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY.
3. A PHYSICIAN HAS ORDERED INTRAMUSCULAR (IM) INJECTIONS OF MORPHINE, A NARCOTIC,
EVERY 4 HOURS AS NEEDED FOR PAIN IN A MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT VICTIM. THE NURSE IS
AWARE THIS DRUG HAS A HIGH ABUSE POTENTIAL. UNDER WHAT CATEGORY WOULD MORPHINE
BE CLASSIFIED?
A) SCHEDULE I
B) SCHEDULE II
C) SCHEDULE III
D) SCHEDULE IV
ANS: B
FEEDBACK:
NARCOTICS WITH A HIGH ABUSE POTENTIAL ARE CLASSIFIED AS SCHEDULE II DRUGS BECAUSE OF
SEVERE DEPENDENCE LIABILITY. SCHEDULE I DRUGS HAVE HIGH ABUSE POTENTIAL AND NO
ACCEPTED MEDICAL USE. SCHEDULE III DRUGS HAVE A LESSER ABUSE POTENTIAL THAN II AND AN
ACCEPTED MEDICAL USE. SCHEDULE IV DRUGS HAVE LOW ABUSE POTENTIAL AND LIMITED
DEPENDENCE LIABILITY.
4. WHAT CONCEPT IS CONSIDERED WHEN GENERIC DRUGS ARE SUBSTITUTED FOR BRAND NAME
DRUGS?
A) BIOAVAILABILITY
B) CRITICAL CONCENTRATION
C) DISTRIBUTION
D) HALF-LIFE
ANS: A
FEEDBACK:
BIOAVAILABILITY IS THE PORTION OF A DOSE OF A DRUG THAT REACHES THE SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION AND IS AVAILABLE TO ACT ON BODY CELLS. BINDERS USED IN A GENERIC DRUG
MAY NOT BE THE SAME AS THOSE USED IN THE BRAND NAME DRUG. THEREFORE, THE WAY THE
BODY BREAKS DOWN AND USES THE DRUG MAY DIFFER, WHICH MAY ELIMINATE A GENERIC DRUG
,SUBSTITUTION. CRITICAL CONCENTRATION IS THE AMOUNT OF A DRUG THAT IS NEEDED TO CAUSE
A THERAPEUTIC EFFECT AND SHOULD NOT DIFFER BETWEEN GENERIC AND BRAND NAME
MEDICATIONS. DISTRIBUTION IS THE PHASE OF PHARMACOKINETICS, WHICH INVOLVES THE
MOVEMENT OF A DRUG TO THE BODYS TISSUES AND IS THE SAME IN GENERIC AND BRAND NAME
DRUGS. A DRUGS HALF-LIFE IS THE TIME IT TAKES FOR THE AMOUNT OF DRUG TO DECREASE TO
HALF THE PEAK LEVEL, WHICH SHOULD NOT CHANGE WHEN SUBSTITUTING A GENERIC
MEDICATION.
5. A NURSE IS ASSESSING THE PATIENTS HOME MEDICATION USE. AFTER LISTENING TO THE
PATIENT LIST CURRENT MEDICATIONS, THE NURSE ASKS WHAT PRIORITY QUESTION?
A) DO YOU TAKE ANY GENERIC MEDICATIONS?
B) ARE ANY OF THESE MEDICATIONS ORPHAN DRUGS?
C) ARE THESE MEDICATIONS SAFE TO TAKE DURING PREGNANCY?
D) DO YOU TAKE ANY OVER-THE-COUNTER MEDICATIONS?
ANS: D
FEEDBACK:
IT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE NURSE TO SPECIFICALLY QUESTION USE OF OVER-THE-COUNTER
MEDICATIONS BECAUSE PATIENTS MAY NOT CONSIDER THEM IMPORTANT. THE PATIENT IS
UNLIKELY TO KNOW THE MEANING OF ORPHAN DRUGS UNLESS THEY TOO ARE HEALTH CARE
PROVIDERS. SAFETY DURING PREGNANCY, USE OF A GENERIC MEDICATION, OR CLASSIFICATION
OF ORPHAN DRUGS ARE THINGS THE PATIENT WOULD BE UNABLE TO ANSWER BUT COULD BE
FOUND IN REFERENCE BOOKS IF THE NURSE WISHES TO RESEARCH THEM.
6. AFTER COMPLETING A COURSE ON PHARMACOLOGY FOR NURSES, WHAT WILL THE NURSE
KNOW?
A) EVERYTHING NECESSARY FOR SAFE AND EFFECTIVE MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
B) CURRENT PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY; THE NURSE WILL NOT REQUIRE ONGOING EDUCATION
FOR 5 YEARS.
C) GENERAL DRUG INFORMATION; THE NURSE CAN CONSULT A DRUG GUIDE FOR SPECIFIC DRUG
INFORMATION.
D) THE DRUG ACTIONS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EACH CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICATION
ANS: C
FEEDBACK:
AFTER COMPLETING A PHARMACOLOGY COURSE NURSES WILL HAVE GENERAL DRUG
INFORMATION NEEDED FOR SAFE AND EFFECTIVE MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION BUT WILL NEED
TO CONSULT A DRUG GUIDE FOR SPECIFIC DRUG INFORMATION BEFORE ADMINISTERING ANY
, MEDICATION. PHARMACOLOGY IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING, WITH NEW DRUGS ENTERING THE
MARKET AND NEW USES FOR EXISTING DRUGS IDENTIFIED.
CONTINUING EDUCATION IN PHARMACOLOGY IS ESSENTIAL TO SAFE PRACTICE. NURSES TEND TO
BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE MEDICATIONS THEY ADMINISTER MOST OFTEN, BUT THERE WILL
ALWAYS BE A NEED TO RESEARCH NEW DRUGS AND ALSO THOSE THE NURSE IS NOT FAMILIAR
WITH BECAUSE NO NURSE KNOWS ALL MEDICATIONS.
7. A NURSE IS INSTRUCTING A PREGNANT PATIENT CONCERNING THE POTENTIAL RISK TO HER
FETUS FROM A PREGNANCY CATEGORY B DRUG. WHAT WOULD THE NURSE INFORM THE PATIENT?
A) ADEQUATE STUDIES IN PREGNANT WOMEN HAVE DEMONSTRATED THERE IS NO RISK TO THE
FETUS.
B) ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE NOT DEMONSTRATED A RISK TO THE FETUS, BUT THERE HAVE BEEN NO
ADEQUATE STUDIES IN PREGNANT WOMEN.
C) ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN AN ADVERSE EFFECT ON THE FETUS, BUT THERE ARE NO
ADEQUATE STUDIES IN PREGNANT WOMEN.
D) THERE IS EVIDENCE OF HUMAN FETAL RISK, BUT THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS FROM USE OF THE
DRUG MAY BE ACCEPTABLE DESPITE POTENTIAL RISKS.
ANS: B
FEEDBACK:
CATEGORY B INDICATES THAT ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE NOT DEMONSTRATED A RISK TO THE FETUS.
HOWEVER, THERE HAVE NOT BEEN ADEQUATE STUDIES IN PREGNANT WOMEN TO DEMONSTRATE
RISK TO A FETUS DURING THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY AND NO EVIDENCE OF RISK IN
LATER TRIMESTERS. CATEGORY A INDICATES THAT ADEQUATE STUDIES IN PREGNANT WOMEN
HAVE NOT DEMONSTRATED A RISK TO THE FETUS IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER OR IN LATER
TRIMESTERS. CATEGORY C INDICATES THAT ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN AN ADVERSE EFFECT
ON THE FETUS, BUT NO ADEQUATE STUDIES IN HUMANS. CATEGORY D REVEALS EVIDENCE OF
HUMAN FETAL RISK, BUT THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS FROM THE USE OF THE DRUGS IN PREGNANT
WOMEN MAY OUTWEIGH POTENTIAL RISKS.
8. DISCHARGE PLANNING FOR PATIENTS LEAVING THE HOSPITAL SHOULD INCLUDE INSTRUCTIONS
ON THE USE OF OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) DRUGS. WHICH COMMENT BY THE PATIENT WOULD
DEMONSTRATE A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF OTC DRUGS?
A) OTC DRUGS ARE SAFE AND DO NOT CAUSE ADVERSE EFFECTS IF TAKEN PROPERLY.
B) OTC DRUGS HAVE BEEN AROUND FOR YEARS AND HAVE NOT BEEN TESTED BY THE FOOD AND
DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA).
C) OTC DRUGS ARE DIFFERENT FROM ANY DRUGS AVAILABLE BY PRESCRIPTION AND COST LESS.
D) OTC DRUGS COULD CAUSE SERIOUS HARM IF NOT TAKEN ACCORDING TO DIRECTIONS.
Basic And Clinical Pharmacology 15th Edition, (2020)
By Bertram G. Katzung & Anthony J. Trevor
All Chapters 1-67 Covered| Edition With Well Detailed Answers| Grade A+
From: [Bestmaxsolutions.stuvia
,SECTION 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES ___________________________________________________ 5
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF DRUGS & DRUG DEVELOPMENT & REGULATION ______________________ 5
CHAPTER 2. DRUG RECEPTORS & PHARMACODYNAMICS _____________________________________________________ 21
CHAPTER 3. PHARMACOKINETICS & PHARMACODYNAMICS: RATIONAL DOSING & THE TIME COURSE OF DRUG ACTION 36
CHAPTER 4. DRUG BIOTRANSFORMATION _________________________________________________________________ 47
CHAPTER 5. PHARMACOGENOMICS ______________________________________________________________________ 58
SECTION 2: AUTONOMIC DRUGS ________________________________________________ 65
CHAPTER 6. INTRODUCTION TO AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY _______________________________________________ 65
CHAPTER 7. CHOLINOCEPTOR-ACTIVATING & CHOLINESTERASE-INHIBITING DRUGS ______________________________ 80
CHAPTER 8. CHOLINOCEPTOR-BLOCKING DRUGS ___________________________________________________________ 94
CHAPTER 9. ADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS & SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS _______________________________________ 108
CHAPTER 10. ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONIST DRUGS _______________________________________________________ 121
SECTION 3: CARDIOVASCULAR-RENAL DRUGS ____________________________________ 135
CHAPTER 11. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS ________________________________________________________________ 135
CHAPTER 12. VASODILATORS & THE TREATMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS _______________________________________ 150
CHAPTER 13. DRUGS USED IN HEART FAILURE _____________________________________________________________ 163
CHAPTER 14. AGENTS USED IN CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS ____________________________________________________ 176
CHAPTER 15. DIURETIC AGENTS ________________________________________________________________________ 190
SECTION 4: DRUGS WITH IMPORTANT ACTIONS ON SMOOTH MUSCLE ________________ 203
CHAPTER 16. HISTAMINE, SEROTONIN, & THE ERGOT ALKALOIDS _____________________________________________ 203
CHAPTER 17. VASOACTIVE PEPTIDES ____________________________________________________________________ 213
CHAPTER 18. THE EICOSANOIDS: PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANES, LEUKOTRIENES, & RELATED COMPOUNDS ____ 220
CHAPTER 19. NITRIC OXIDE ____________________________________________________________________________ 226
CHAPTER 20. DRUGS USED IN ASTHMA & CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE _________________________ 240
SECTION 5: DRUGS THAT ACT IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ____________________ 251
CHAPTER 21. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHARMACOLOGY OF CNS DRUGS _______________________________________ 251
CHAPTER 22. SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC DRUGS________________________________________________________________ 263
CHAPTER 23. THE ALCOHOLS ___________________________________________________________________________ 278
CHAPTER 24. ANTISEIZURE DRUGS ______________________________________________________________________ 290
CHAPTER 25. GENERAL ANESTHETICS ____________________________________________________________________ 304
CHAPTER 26. LOCAL ANESTHETICS ______________________________________________________________________ 318
CHAPTER 27. SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS ______________________________________________________________ 330
CHAPTER 28. PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF PARKINSONISM & OTHER MOVEMENT DISORDERS _____________ 344
CHAPTER 29. ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS & LITHIUM _________________________________________________________ 357
CHAPTER 30. ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS _________________________________________________________________ 371
, CHAPTER 31. OPIOID AGONISTS & ANTAGONISTS __________________________________________________________ 386
CHAPTER 32. DRUGS OF ABUSE _________________________________________________________________________ 399
SECTION 6: DRUGS USED TO TREAT DISEASES OF THE BLOOD, INFLAMMATION, & GOUT _ 410
CHAPTER 33. AGENTS USED IN CYTOPENIAS; HEMATOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS ______________________________ 410
CHAPTER 34. DRUGS USED IN DISORDERS OF COAGULATION ________________________________________________ 423
CHAPTER 35. AGENTS USED IN DYSLIPIDEMIA _____________________________________________________________ 436
CHAPTER 36. NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS, DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS, NONOPIOID
ANALGESICS, & DRUGS USED IN GOUT ___________________________________________________________________ 450
SECTION 7: ENDOCRINE DRUGS ________________________________________________ 464
CHAPTER 37. HYPOTHALAMIC & PITUITARY HORMONES ____________________________________________________ 464
CHAPTER 38. THYROID & ANTITHYROID DRUGS ___________________________________________________________ 477
CHAPTER 39. ADRENOCORTICOSTEROIDS & ADRENOCORTICAL ANTAGONISTS __________________________________ 491
CHAPTER 40. THE GONADAL HORMONES & INHIBITORS ____________________________________________________ 505
CHAPTER 41. PANCREATIC HORMONES & GLUCOSE-LOWERING DRUGS _______________________________________ 520
CHAPTER 42. AGENTS THAT AFFECT BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS ___________________________________________ 534
SECTION 8: CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS ________________________________________ 549
CHAPTER 43. BETA-LACTAM & OTHER CELL WALL- & MEMBRANE-ACTIVE ANTIBIOTICS __________________________ 549
CHAPTER 44. TETRACYCLINES, MACROLIDES, CLINDAMYCIN, CHLORAMPHENICOL, STREPTOGRAMINS, OXAZOLIDINONES,
& PLEUROMUTILINS __________________________________________________________________________________ 565
CHAPTER 45. AMINOGLYCOSIDES & SPECTINOMYCIN ______________________________________________________ 577
CHAPTER 46. SULFONAMIDES, TRIMETHOPRIM, & QUINOLONES _____________________________________________ 588
CHAPTER 47. ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL DRUGS ______________________________________________________________ 599
CHAPTER 48. ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS _____________________________________________________________________ 610
CHAPTER 49. ANTIVIRAL AGENTS _______________________________________________________________________ 624
CHAPTER 50. MISCELLANEOUS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS; DISINFECTANTS, ANTISEPTICS, & STERILANTS _____________ 638
CHAPTER 51. CLINICAL USE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS ____________________________________________________ 654
CHAPTER 52. ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS ___________________________________________________________________ 666
CHAPTER 53. PHARMACOLOGY OF THE ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS _____________________________________________ 680
CHAPTER 54. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY __________________________________________________________________ 694
CHAPTER 55. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY _________________________________________________________________ 709
SECTION 9: TOXICOLOGY _____________________________________________________ 724
CHAPTER 56. INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY: OCCUPATIONAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ____________________________ 724
CHAPTER 57. HEAVY METAL INTOXICATION & CHELATORS __________________________________________________ 749
CHAPTER 58. MANAGEMENT OF THE POISONED PATIENT ___________________________________________________ 760
SECTION 10: SPECIAL TOPICS __________________________________________________ 772
CHAPTER 59. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF PERINATAL & PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY __________________________________ 772
,CHAPTER 60. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF GERIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY ______________________________________________ 779
CHAPTER 61. DERMATOLOGIC PHARMACOLOGY __________________________________________________________ 784
CHAPTER 62. DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES _______________________________ 789
CHAPTER 63. CANNABINOID DRUGS _____________________________________________________________________ 803
CHAPTER 64. THERAPEUTIC & TOXIC POTENTIAL OF OVER-THE-COUNTER AGENTS _______________________________ 814
CHAPTER 65. DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS & HERBAL MEDICATIONS ______________________________________________ 829
CHAPTER 66. RATIONAL PRESCRIBING & PRESCRIPTION WRITING ____________________________________________ 832
CHAPTER 67. IMPORTANT DRUG INTERACTIONS & THEIR MECHANISMS _______________________________________ 848
,SECTION 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF DRUGS & DRUG DEVELOPMENT & REGULATION
BERTRAM G. KATZUNG: BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 15TH EDITION, (2020) TEST BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A NURSE WORKING IN RADIOLOGY ADMINISTERS IODINE TO A PATIENT WHO IS HAVING A
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCAN. THE NURSE WORKING ON THE ONCOLOGY UNIT
ADMINISTERS CHEMOTHERAPY TO PATIENTS WHO HAVE CANCER. AT THE PUBLIC HEALTH
DEPARTMENT, A NURSE ADMINISTERS A MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA (MMR) VACCINE TO A 14-
MONTH-OLD CHILD AS A ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION. WHICH BRANCH OF PHARMACOLOGY BEST
DESCRIBES THE ACTIONS OF ALL THREE NURSES?
A) PHARMACOECONOMICS
B) PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
C) PHARMACODYNAMICS
D) PHARMACOKINETICS
ANS: B
FEEDBACK:
PHARMACOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS. NURSES ARE
INVOLVED WITH CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OR PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS, WHICH IS A BRANCH
OF PHARMACOLOGY THAT DEALS WITH THE USES OF DRUGS TO TREAT, PREVENT, AND DIAGNOSE
DISEASE. THE RADIOLOGY NURSE IS ADMINISTERING A DRUG TO HELP DIAGNOSE A DISEASE. THE
ONCOLOGY NURSE IS ADMINISTERING A DRUG TO HELP TREAT A DISEASE. PHARMACOECONOMICS
INCLUDES ANY COSTS INVOLVED IN DRUG THERAPY.
PHARMACODYNAMICS INVOLVES HOW A DRUG AFFECTS THE BODY AND PHARMACOKINETICS IS
HOW THE BODY ACTS ON THE BODY.
2. WHEN INVOLVED IN PHASE III DRUG EVALUATION STUDIES, WHAT RESPONSIBILITIES WOULD
THE NURSE HAVE?
A) WORKING WITH ANIMALS WHO ARE GIVEN EXPERIMENTAL DRUGS
B) CHOOSING APPROPRIATE PATIENTS TO BE INVOLVED IN THE DRUG STUDY
C) MONITORING AND OBSERVING PATIENTS CLOSELY FOR ADVERSE EFFECTS
D) CONDUCTING RESEARCH TO DETERMINE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRUG
ANS: C
FEEDBACK:
PHASE III STUDIES INVOLVE USE OF A DRUG IN A VAST CLINICAL POPULATION IN WHICH PATIENTS
ARE ASKED TO RECORD ANY SYMPTOMS THEY EXPERIENCE WHILE TAKING THE DRUGS. NURSES
,MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR HELPING COLLECT AND ANALYZE THE INFORMATION TO BE SHARED
WITH THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) BUT WOULD NOT CONDUCT RESEARCH
INDEPENDENTLY BECAUSE NURSES DO NOT PRESCRIBE MEDICATIONS. USE OF ANIMALS IN DRUG
TESTING IS DONE IN THE PRECLINICAL TRIALS. SELECT PATIENTS WHO ARE INVOLVED IN PHASE II
STUDIES TO PARTICIPATE IN STUDIES WHERE THE PARTICIPANTS HAVE THE DISEASE THE DRUG IS
INTENDED TO TREAT. THESE PATIENTS ARE MONITORED CLOSELY FOR DRUG ACTION AND
ADVERSE EFFECTS. PHASE I STUDIES INVOLVE HEALTHY HUMAN VOLUNTEERS WHO ARE USUALLY
PAID FOR THEIR PARTICIPATION. NURSES MAY OBSERVE FOR ADVERSE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY.
3. A PHYSICIAN HAS ORDERED INTRAMUSCULAR (IM) INJECTIONS OF MORPHINE, A NARCOTIC,
EVERY 4 HOURS AS NEEDED FOR PAIN IN A MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT VICTIM. THE NURSE IS
AWARE THIS DRUG HAS A HIGH ABUSE POTENTIAL. UNDER WHAT CATEGORY WOULD MORPHINE
BE CLASSIFIED?
A) SCHEDULE I
B) SCHEDULE II
C) SCHEDULE III
D) SCHEDULE IV
ANS: B
FEEDBACK:
NARCOTICS WITH A HIGH ABUSE POTENTIAL ARE CLASSIFIED AS SCHEDULE II DRUGS BECAUSE OF
SEVERE DEPENDENCE LIABILITY. SCHEDULE I DRUGS HAVE HIGH ABUSE POTENTIAL AND NO
ACCEPTED MEDICAL USE. SCHEDULE III DRUGS HAVE A LESSER ABUSE POTENTIAL THAN II AND AN
ACCEPTED MEDICAL USE. SCHEDULE IV DRUGS HAVE LOW ABUSE POTENTIAL AND LIMITED
DEPENDENCE LIABILITY.
4. WHAT CONCEPT IS CONSIDERED WHEN GENERIC DRUGS ARE SUBSTITUTED FOR BRAND NAME
DRUGS?
A) BIOAVAILABILITY
B) CRITICAL CONCENTRATION
C) DISTRIBUTION
D) HALF-LIFE
ANS: A
FEEDBACK:
BIOAVAILABILITY IS THE PORTION OF A DOSE OF A DRUG THAT REACHES THE SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION AND IS AVAILABLE TO ACT ON BODY CELLS. BINDERS USED IN A GENERIC DRUG
MAY NOT BE THE SAME AS THOSE USED IN THE BRAND NAME DRUG. THEREFORE, THE WAY THE
BODY BREAKS DOWN AND USES THE DRUG MAY DIFFER, WHICH MAY ELIMINATE A GENERIC DRUG
,SUBSTITUTION. CRITICAL CONCENTRATION IS THE AMOUNT OF A DRUG THAT IS NEEDED TO CAUSE
A THERAPEUTIC EFFECT AND SHOULD NOT DIFFER BETWEEN GENERIC AND BRAND NAME
MEDICATIONS. DISTRIBUTION IS THE PHASE OF PHARMACOKINETICS, WHICH INVOLVES THE
MOVEMENT OF A DRUG TO THE BODYS TISSUES AND IS THE SAME IN GENERIC AND BRAND NAME
DRUGS. A DRUGS HALF-LIFE IS THE TIME IT TAKES FOR THE AMOUNT OF DRUG TO DECREASE TO
HALF THE PEAK LEVEL, WHICH SHOULD NOT CHANGE WHEN SUBSTITUTING A GENERIC
MEDICATION.
5. A NURSE IS ASSESSING THE PATIENTS HOME MEDICATION USE. AFTER LISTENING TO THE
PATIENT LIST CURRENT MEDICATIONS, THE NURSE ASKS WHAT PRIORITY QUESTION?
A) DO YOU TAKE ANY GENERIC MEDICATIONS?
B) ARE ANY OF THESE MEDICATIONS ORPHAN DRUGS?
C) ARE THESE MEDICATIONS SAFE TO TAKE DURING PREGNANCY?
D) DO YOU TAKE ANY OVER-THE-COUNTER MEDICATIONS?
ANS: D
FEEDBACK:
IT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE NURSE TO SPECIFICALLY QUESTION USE OF OVER-THE-COUNTER
MEDICATIONS BECAUSE PATIENTS MAY NOT CONSIDER THEM IMPORTANT. THE PATIENT IS
UNLIKELY TO KNOW THE MEANING OF ORPHAN DRUGS UNLESS THEY TOO ARE HEALTH CARE
PROVIDERS. SAFETY DURING PREGNANCY, USE OF A GENERIC MEDICATION, OR CLASSIFICATION
OF ORPHAN DRUGS ARE THINGS THE PATIENT WOULD BE UNABLE TO ANSWER BUT COULD BE
FOUND IN REFERENCE BOOKS IF THE NURSE WISHES TO RESEARCH THEM.
6. AFTER COMPLETING A COURSE ON PHARMACOLOGY FOR NURSES, WHAT WILL THE NURSE
KNOW?
A) EVERYTHING NECESSARY FOR SAFE AND EFFECTIVE MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
B) CURRENT PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY; THE NURSE WILL NOT REQUIRE ONGOING EDUCATION
FOR 5 YEARS.
C) GENERAL DRUG INFORMATION; THE NURSE CAN CONSULT A DRUG GUIDE FOR SPECIFIC DRUG
INFORMATION.
D) THE DRUG ACTIONS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EACH CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICATION
ANS: C
FEEDBACK:
AFTER COMPLETING A PHARMACOLOGY COURSE NURSES WILL HAVE GENERAL DRUG
INFORMATION NEEDED FOR SAFE AND EFFECTIVE MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION BUT WILL NEED
TO CONSULT A DRUG GUIDE FOR SPECIFIC DRUG INFORMATION BEFORE ADMINISTERING ANY
, MEDICATION. PHARMACOLOGY IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING, WITH NEW DRUGS ENTERING THE
MARKET AND NEW USES FOR EXISTING DRUGS IDENTIFIED.
CONTINUING EDUCATION IN PHARMACOLOGY IS ESSENTIAL TO SAFE PRACTICE. NURSES TEND TO
BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE MEDICATIONS THEY ADMINISTER MOST OFTEN, BUT THERE WILL
ALWAYS BE A NEED TO RESEARCH NEW DRUGS AND ALSO THOSE THE NURSE IS NOT FAMILIAR
WITH BECAUSE NO NURSE KNOWS ALL MEDICATIONS.
7. A NURSE IS INSTRUCTING A PREGNANT PATIENT CONCERNING THE POTENTIAL RISK TO HER
FETUS FROM A PREGNANCY CATEGORY B DRUG. WHAT WOULD THE NURSE INFORM THE PATIENT?
A) ADEQUATE STUDIES IN PREGNANT WOMEN HAVE DEMONSTRATED THERE IS NO RISK TO THE
FETUS.
B) ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE NOT DEMONSTRATED A RISK TO THE FETUS, BUT THERE HAVE BEEN NO
ADEQUATE STUDIES IN PREGNANT WOMEN.
C) ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN AN ADVERSE EFFECT ON THE FETUS, BUT THERE ARE NO
ADEQUATE STUDIES IN PREGNANT WOMEN.
D) THERE IS EVIDENCE OF HUMAN FETAL RISK, BUT THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS FROM USE OF THE
DRUG MAY BE ACCEPTABLE DESPITE POTENTIAL RISKS.
ANS: B
FEEDBACK:
CATEGORY B INDICATES THAT ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE NOT DEMONSTRATED A RISK TO THE FETUS.
HOWEVER, THERE HAVE NOT BEEN ADEQUATE STUDIES IN PREGNANT WOMEN TO DEMONSTRATE
RISK TO A FETUS DURING THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY AND NO EVIDENCE OF RISK IN
LATER TRIMESTERS. CATEGORY A INDICATES THAT ADEQUATE STUDIES IN PREGNANT WOMEN
HAVE NOT DEMONSTRATED A RISK TO THE FETUS IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER OR IN LATER
TRIMESTERS. CATEGORY C INDICATES THAT ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN AN ADVERSE EFFECT
ON THE FETUS, BUT NO ADEQUATE STUDIES IN HUMANS. CATEGORY D REVEALS EVIDENCE OF
HUMAN FETAL RISK, BUT THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS FROM THE USE OF THE DRUGS IN PREGNANT
WOMEN MAY OUTWEIGH POTENTIAL RISKS.
8. DISCHARGE PLANNING FOR PATIENTS LEAVING THE HOSPITAL SHOULD INCLUDE INSTRUCTIONS
ON THE USE OF OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) DRUGS. WHICH COMMENT BY THE PATIENT WOULD
DEMONSTRATE A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF OTC DRUGS?
A) OTC DRUGS ARE SAFE AND DO NOT CAUSE ADVERSE EFFECTS IF TAKEN PROPERLY.
B) OTC DRUGS HAVE BEEN AROUND FOR YEARS AND HAVE NOT BEEN TESTED BY THE FOOD AND
DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA).
C) OTC DRUGS ARE DIFFERENT FROM ANY DRUGS AVAILABLE BY PRESCRIPTION AND COST LESS.
D) OTC DRUGS COULD CAUSE SERIOUS HARM IF NOT TAKEN ACCORDING TO DIRECTIONS.
