Endocrine System Test Prep Grade 12
Questions with Correct Answers
What are polypeptides and proteins? Examples? - ANSWER--polypeptide hormones
generally contain less than 100 amino acids: antidiuretic hormone -protein hormones
contain over 100 amino acids an example is growth hormone
Glycoproteins: long polypeptides bound to one or more carbohydrate groups -FSH
and LH are examples
What are steroids and examples? - ANSWER-lipids derived from cholesterol -include
testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol -are secreted by 2 endocrine
glands: adrenal cortex and gonads - can activate genes to create cell changes
What are neurohormones? Examples? - ANSWER-hormones secreted by neurons in
the hypothalamus -norepinephrine is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone, hence
the distinction between the nervous and endocrine systems cannot always be made
What is synergistic? Examples? - ANSWER-when 2 hormones work together to
produce a particular result, effects can be additive or complementary. -
Norepinephrine and epinephrine have an additive effect (work together) on the heart
to stimulate an even greater heart rate. - Lactation is a complementary effect as
hormones (estrogen, cortisol, prolactin, and oxytocin) each promotes a different
function, but are needed cooperatively to induce lactation
What is antagonistic? Examples? - ANSWER-The actions of one hormone shut off
the other, or mask the other - Insulin and glucagon and their effects on adipose
tissue. The formation of fat is promoted by insulin, and glucagon promotes fat
breakdown
What is the pituitary gland (the master gland)? - ANSWER-The "master gland"
because it exercises control over other endocrine glands. This small sac-like (1 cm
diameter) structure is connected by a stalk to the hypothalamus, the area of the brain
associated with homeostasis.
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland? - ANSWER-posterior pituitary -part of
nervous system and does not produce any hormones, but stores and releases
hormones created by hypothalamus: ADH and oxytocin.
anterior pituitary -true hormone, synthesizing gland, produces and stores six major
hormones TSH,ACTH, PRL, hGH, FSH, LH -regulated by hormones secreted by
hypothalamus
ADH - ANSWER-(water reabsorption by the nephrons)
Oxytocin - ANSWER-A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates
uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
, hGH (human growth hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates secretion of hormones that
stimulate body growth and metabolism
PRL (prolactin) - ANSWER-stimulates production and secretion of milk
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates secretion of ovarian sex
hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production
LH (luteinizing hormone) - ANSWER-a hormone that causes the secretion of sex
hormones by the testes and ovaries
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates secretion of thyroid
hormone
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates secretion of hormones
by adrenal cortex
growth hormone - ANSWER-growth hormone or somatotrophin, promotes movement
of amino acids into cells, creates proteins, promotes overall tissue and organ growth,
growth of cartilage and bones and protein synthesis in muscle -over/underproduction
In children: Low secretion: dwarfism High secretion: gigantism In adults (after growth
plates fuse) acromegaly
Where are ADH and oxytocin produced? - ANSWER-hypothalamus. they are
transported to the posterior pituitary via the hypothalamohypophyseal tract for
storage and eventual release • The release of oxytocin and ADH from the posterior
pituitary are controlled through neuroendocrine reflexes
Hypothalamic Hormones Affecting the Anterior Pituitary - ANSWER-TRH, CRH,
GnRH, PIH, Somatostatin, GHRH
TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) - ANSWER-Secreted by hypothalamus -->
triggers pituitary gland to secrete TSH
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates release of ACTH
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates release of FSH and
LH
PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone) - ANSWER-through an inhibiting effect controls
prolactin secretions
Somatostatin - ANSWER-hormone that inhibits release of growth hormone and
insulin
GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates release of
growth hormone secretion
Questions with Correct Answers
What are polypeptides and proteins? Examples? - ANSWER--polypeptide hormones
generally contain less than 100 amino acids: antidiuretic hormone -protein hormones
contain over 100 amino acids an example is growth hormone
Glycoproteins: long polypeptides bound to one or more carbohydrate groups -FSH
and LH are examples
What are steroids and examples? - ANSWER-lipids derived from cholesterol -include
testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol -are secreted by 2 endocrine
glands: adrenal cortex and gonads - can activate genes to create cell changes
What are neurohormones? Examples? - ANSWER-hormones secreted by neurons in
the hypothalamus -norepinephrine is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone, hence
the distinction between the nervous and endocrine systems cannot always be made
What is synergistic? Examples? - ANSWER-when 2 hormones work together to
produce a particular result, effects can be additive or complementary. -
Norepinephrine and epinephrine have an additive effect (work together) on the heart
to stimulate an even greater heart rate. - Lactation is a complementary effect as
hormones (estrogen, cortisol, prolactin, and oxytocin) each promotes a different
function, but are needed cooperatively to induce lactation
What is antagonistic? Examples? - ANSWER-The actions of one hormone shut off
the other, or mask the other - Insulin and glucagon and their effects on adipose
tissue. The formation of fat is promoted by insulin, and glucagon promotes fat
breakdown
What is the pituitary gland (the master gland)? - ANSWER-The "master gland"
because it exercises control over other endocrine glands. This small sac-like (1 cm
diameter) structure is connected by a stalk to the hypothalamus, the area of the brain
associated with homeostasis.
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland? - ANSWER-posterior pituitary -part of
nervous system and does not produce any hormones, but stores and releases
hormones created by hypothalamus: ADH and oxytocin.
anterior pituitary -true hormone, synthesizing gland, produces and stores six major
hormones TSH,ACTH, PRL, hGH, FSH, LH -regulated by hormones secreted by
hypothalamus
ADH - ANSWER-(water reabsorption by the nephrons)
Oxytocin - ANSWER-A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates
uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
, hGH (human growth hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates secretion of hormones that
stimulate body growth and metabolism
PRL (prolactin) - ANSWER-stimulates production and secretion of milk
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates secretion of ovarian sex
hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production
LH (luteinizing hormone) - ANSWER-a hormone that causes the secretion of sex
hormones by the testes and ovaries
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates secretion of thyroid
hormone
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates secretion of hormones
by adrenal cortex
growth hormone - ANSWER-growth hormone or somatotrophin, promotes movement
of amino acids into cells, creates proteins, promotes overall tissue and organ growth,
growth of cartilage and bones and protein synthesis in muscle -over/underproduction
In children: Low secretion: dwarfism High secretion: gigantism In adults (after growth
plates fuse) acromegaly
Where are ADH and oxytocin produced? - ANSWER-hypothalamus. they are
transported to the posterior pituitary via the hypothalamohypophyseal tract for
storage and eventual release • The release of oxytocin and ADH from the posterior
pituitary are controlled through neuroendocrine reflexes
Hypothalamic Hormones Affecting the Anterior Pituitary - ANSWER-TRH, CRH,
GnRH, PIH, Somatostatin, GHRH
TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) - ANSWER-Secreted by hypothalamus -->
triggers pituitary gland to secrete TSH
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates release of ACTH
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates release of FSH and
LH
PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone) - ANSWER-through an inhibiting effect controls
prolactin secretions
Somatostatin - ANSWER-hormone that inhibits release of growth hormone and
insulin
GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) - ANSWER-stimulates release of
growth hormone secretion
