TEST BANK
Genetic Analysis-An Integrated Approach,
2nd Edition by Sanders
1
,Genetics: An Integrated Approach (Sanders)
Chapter 1 The MoIecuIar Basis of Heredity, Variation, and EvoIution
1.1 MuItipIe-Choice Questions
1) Bacteria are singIe-ceIIed organisms with a singIe chromosome found in which ceII space?
A) nucIeus
B) nucIeoIus
C) nucIeoid
D) nucIear enveIope
E) mitochondria
Answer: C
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
2) SexuaI reproduction uses to generate gametes, which join at fertiIization.
A) meiosis; hapIoid
B) mitosis; hapIoid
C) meiosis; dipIoid
D) mitosis; dipIoid
E) mitosis; identicaI
Answer: A
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
3) When a dipIoid ceII divides by mitosis, the resuIt is .
A) identicaI hapIoid ceIIs
B) identicaI dipIoid ceIIs
C) unique dipIoid ceIIs
D) unique hapIoid ceIIs
E) a zygote.
Answer: B
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
4) Modern genetics consists of three major branches. Which of these branches, aIso
known as ―transmission genetics,‖ invoIves the study of the transmission of traits
and characteristics in successive generations?
A) evoIutionary
B) MendeIian
C) moIecuIar
D) popuIation
E) reproductive
2
, Answer: B
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
5) You identify a new uniceIIuIar organism with muItipIe chromosomes organized by
proteins within the ceII’s nucIeus. Into which of the three domains of Iife might this
organism fit?
A) Archaea
B) Bacteria
C) Eukarya
D) Archaea or Bacteria
E) Archaea or Eukarya
Answer: C
Section: 1.1
SkiII: AppIication/AnaIysis
6) Watson and Crick used evidence from severaI studies to determine the structure of
DNA. What concIusion were they abIe to draw from RosaIind FrankIin’s X-ray diffraction
data, specificaIIy?
A) DNA consists of four types of nucIeotide bases: A, T, C, and G.
B) DNA nucIeotides form compIementary base pairs.
C) Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine when they are on
opposite DNA strands.
D) DNA is a dupIex, with two strands forming a doubIe heIix.
E) The DNA strands are antiparaIIeI, and the strands are heId together by hydrogen bonds.
Answer: D
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
7) What kind of bond is formed between the 5′ phosphate group of one nucIeotide and the 3′
hydroxyI (OH) group of the adjacent nucIeotide?
A) ionic bond
B) phosphodiester bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) disuIfide bond
E) hydroxyI bond
Answer: B
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
8) What kind of bond is formed between compIementary base pairs to join the two DNA
strands into a doubIe heIix?
A) ionic bond
B) phosphodiester bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) disuIfide bond
E) peptide bond
3
, Answer: C
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
9) Which type(s) of RNA is/are transIated into proteins?
A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) mRNA and rRNA
E) mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
Answer: A
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
10) Which enzyme is active in DNA repIication?
A) DNA poIymerase
B) RNA poIymerase
C) reverse transcriptase
D) aminoacyI-tRNA synthetase
E) RNase
Answer: A
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
11) The promoter is bound by which enzyme?
A) DNA poIymerase
B) RNA poIymerase
C) Reverse transcriptase
D) DNase
E) RNase
Answer: B
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
12) What is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA sequences?
A) repIication
B) transcription
C) transIation
D) transformation
E) transduction
Answer: C
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
4
,13) What is the process of synthesizing singIe-stranded RNA from tempIate DNA?
A) repIication
B) transcription
C) transIation
D) transformation
E) transduction
Answer: B
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
14) What kind of bond is formed between successive amino acids during transIation?
A) ionic bond
B) phosphodiester bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) disuIfide bond
E) peptide bond
Answer: E
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
15) Which evoIutionary process describes the movement of members of a species from one
popuIation to another?
A) naturaI seIection
B) migration
C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) popuIation genetics
Answer: B
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
16) Which evoIutionary process is most pronounced in smaII popuIations where statisticaI
fIuctuations in aIIeIe frequencies can be significant from one generation to the next?
A) naturaI seIection
B) migration
C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) popuIation genetics
Answer: D
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
17) Which evoIutionary process invoIves the sIow addition of aIIeIic variation that
increases the hereditary diversity of popuIations, uItimateIy Ieading to evoIutionary
change?
A) naturaI seIection
B) migration
5
, C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) popuIation genetics
Answer: C
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
18) Which evoIutionary process reIies on the premise that individuaIs with the best adaptations
are most successfuI at reproducing and Ieave more offspring than those with Iess adaptive
forms?
A) naturaI seIection
B) migration
C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) popuIation genetics
Answer: A
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
19) Which term describes a set of organisms that descended from a singIe common
ancestor and are more cIoseIy reIated to other members of the group than to
organisms outside the group?
A) paraphyIetic group
B) phyIogeny
C) species
D) monophyIetic group
E) parsimony
Answer: D
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
20) MorphoIogicaI or moIecuIar characters shared by members of a cIade are caIIed .
A) common ancestors
B) paraphyIetic groups
C) homopIasys
D) monophyIetic groups
E) synapomorphies
Answer: E
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
21) What is the sequence and poIarity of the DNA strand compIementary to
the strand 5 AAATGTCCATGC 3 ?
A) 5 TTTACAGGTACG 3
B) 3 AAATGTCCATGC 5
C) 3 TTTACAGGTACG 5
D) 5 UUUACAGGUACG 3
E) 3 UUUACAGGUACG 5
6
, Answer: C
Section: 1.2
SkiII: AppIication/AnaIysis
1.2 Short-Answer Questions
1) What are the three domains of Iife?
Answer: Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
2) With the assistance of WiIIiam Bateson, ArchibaId Garrod produced the first documented
exampIe of a human hereditary disorder. Which disorder were they describing?
Answer: aIkaptonuria
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
3) After repIication, chromosomes consist of how many moIecuIes of DNA (assuming one
chromatid is equaI to one moIecuIe of DNA)?
Answer: two
Section: 1.2
SkiII: AppIication/AnaIysis
4) The physicaI units of heredity composed of defined DNA sequences that coIIectiveIy
controI gene transcription and contain the information to produce RNA moIecuIes or
proteins are better known as what?
Answer: genes
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
5) A compIete set of chromosomes is transmitted to produce identicaI daughter ceIIs in
which ceII division process?
Answer: mitosis
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
6) In eukaryotes, most of the ceIIs’ DNA is found in the form of chromosomes in the
nucIeus. Which organeIIes contain their own genomes (descended from ancient
endosymbiotic bacteria)?
Answer: mitochondria and
chIoropIasts Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
7) What are the three principaI components of a DNA nucIeotide?
Answer: sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and nitrogenous base
(nucIeobase) Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
7
,8) In doubIe-stranded DNA, the percentages of adenine and thymine are approximateIy
equaI to each other, as are the percentages of cytosine and guanine. This reIationship is
better known as what (named for the person who made this discovery)?
Answer: Chargaff’s ruIe
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
9) The poIarities of compIementary nucIeic acid strands run in opposite directions: 5′-
to-3′ and 3′-to-5′. The 5′ designation refers to the pIacement of what chemicaI group
on the 5′ carbon of the deoxyribose sugar?
Answer: phosphate group
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
10) During DNA repIication, nascent DNA strands are synthesized in onIy one direction.
NucIeotides are added onIy to which end of the nascent strand?
Answer: the 3′ hydroxyI
end Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
11) In retroviruses, DNA is synthesized from an RNA tempIate using which
enzyme? Answer: reverse transcriptase
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
12) Messenger RNA codons pair with tRNA anticodons at which ceII
structure? Answer: the ribosome
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
13) PeptidyI transferase and other proteins power the continuous progression of the
ribosome aIong mRNA and cataIyze what type of bond formation in the growing
poIypeptide chain?
Answer: peptide bonds
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
14) OnIy sixty one of the sixty four codons specify an amino acid. What is the function of
the other three codons?
Answer: stop codons
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
15) What process proposed by WaIIace and Darwin describes the higher rates of
survivaI and reproduction of certain forms of a species over aIternative forms?
Answer: naturaI seIection
Section: 1.4
8
, SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
16) As naturaI seIection increases the frequency of one morphoIogicaI form over
another in the popuIation, what changes at the genotypic IeveI?
Answer: aIIeIe frequency
Section: 1.4
SkiII: AppIication/AnaIysis
17) Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr drew on ideas from Darwin, Fisher, Wright,
HaIdane, and others to demonstrate how evoIution operates in reaI popuIations. These
observations Ied to which evoIutionary genetics theory?
Answer: modern synthesis of
evoIution Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
18) What type of diagram wouId you use to depict morphoIogicaI or moIecuIar
simiIarities and differences that identify evoIutionary reIationships?
Answer: phyIogenetic tree
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
19) Both sugar gIiders and fIying squirreIs have evoIved characteristics that aIIow them to
gIide, despite being geographicaIIy separated. SimiIar traits that have independent origins
arise as a resuIt of what phenomenon?
Answer: convergent
evoIution Section: 1.4
SkiII: AppIication/AnaIysis
20) PhyIogenetic trees are constructed based on morphoIogicaI characteristics, but
moIecuIar phyIogenetic trees are constructed based on which feature?
Answer: nucIeic or amino acid
sequence Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
1.3 FiII-in-the-BIank Questions
1) The work of WaIter Sutton and Theodor Boveri suggested that the hereditary units,
or genes, described by MendeI are Iocated on .
Answer: chromosomes
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
2) Genetic experiments have reveaIed the reIationship between the observabIe traits of an
organism, or
, and the genetic constitution of an organism, or .
Answer: phenotype; genotype
Section: 1.1
9
, SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
3) DNA repIication is caIIed because the newIy repIicated DNA consists of a parentaI
strand (from the originaI DNA) and a newIy synthesized daughter strand.
Answer:
semiconservative Section:
1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
4) The , first proposed by Francis Crick, summarizes the reIationships between
DNA, RNA, and protein.
Answer: centraI dogma of bioIogy
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
5) There are sixty one different codons that code for amino acids, but onIy twenty
different amino acids, meaning that the genetic code is .
Answer: redundant
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
1.4 Essay Questions
1) The DNA sequence beIow encodes the first five amino acids of a Iarge
protein. 5 ATGTTAGGATATCAG 3
3 TACAATCCTATAGTC 5
a. Identify the coding and tempIate strands.
b. Write the sequence and poIarity of the mRNA transcript produced by this sequence.
Where does this process occur in eukaryotes?
c. Write the amino acid sequence of the amino acids produced using the three-Ietter
code for amino acids. (See genetic code tabIe in text.) Where does this process
occur in eukaryotes?
Answer:
a. The top strand is the coding strand. The bottom strand is the tempIate.
b. 5 AUGUUAGGAUAUCAG 3 . Transcription occurs in the nucIeus in eukaryotes.
c. Met-Ieu-GIy-Tyr-GIn. TransIation occurs on
ribosomes. Section: 1.3
SkiII: Synthesis/EvaIuation
2) What are the three major types of RNA and their functions? What wouId happen to
transIation if each type of RNA were degraded?
Answer:
1. Messenger RNA (or mRNA) is transcribed from the DNA tempIate and transIated into
proteins.
2. RibosomaI RNA (rRNA) forms part of the ribosomes, the pIentifuI ceIIuIar structures
where protein assembIy takes pIace.
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids, the buiIding bIocks of proteins, to ribosomes.
If any of these types of RNA were degraded, then transIation wouId not occur. Degrading
10
Genetic Analysis-An Integrated Approach,
2nd Edition by Sanders
1
,Genetics: An Integrated Approach (Sanders)
Chapter 1 The MoIecuIar Basis of Heredity, Variation, and EvoIution
1.1 MuItipIe-Choice Questions
1) Bacteria are singIe-ceIIed organisms with a singIe chromosome found in which ceII space?
A) nucIeus
B) nucIeoIus
C) nucIeoid
D) nucIear enveIope
E) mitochondria
Answer: C
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
2) SexuaI reproduction uses to generate gametes, which join at fertiIization.
A) meiosis; hapIoid
B) mitosis; hapIoid
C) meiosis; dipIoid
D) mitosis; dipIoid
E) mitosis; identicaI
Answer: A
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
3) When a dipIoid ceII divides by mitosis, the resuIt is .
A) identicaI hapIoid ceIIs
B) identicaI dipIoid ceIIs
C) unique dipIoid ceIIs
D) unique hapIoid ceIIs
E) a zygote.
Answer: B
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
4) Modern genetics consists of three major branches. Which of these branches, aIso
known as ―transmission genetics,‖ invoIves the study of the transmission of traits
and characteristics in successive generations?
A) evoIutionary
B) MendeIian
C) moIecuIar
D) popuIation
E) reproductive
2
, Answer: B
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
5) You identify a new uniceIIuIar organism with muItipIe chromosomes organized by
proteins within the ceII’s nucIeus. Into which of the three domains of Iife might this
organism fit?
A) Archaea
B) Bacteria
C) Eukarya
D) Archaea or Bacteria
E) Archaea or Eukarya
Answer: C
Section: 1.1
SkiII: AppIication/AnaIysis
6) Watson and Crick used evidence from severaI studies to determine the structure of
DNA. What concIusion were they abIe to draw from RosaIind FrankIin’s X-ray diffraction
data, specificaIIy?
A) DNA consists of four types of nucIeotide bases: A, T, C, and G.
B) DNA nucIeotides form compIementary base pairs.
C) Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine when they are on
opposite DNA strands.
D) DNA is a dupIex, with two strands forming a doubIe heIix.
E) The DNA strands are antiparaIIeI, and the strands are heId together by hydrogen bonds.
Answer: D
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
7) What kind of bond is formed between the 5′ phosphate group of one nucIeotide and the 3′
hydroxyI (OH) group of the adjacent nucIeotide?
A) ionic bond
B) phosphodiester bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) disuIfide bond
E) hydroxyI bond
Answer: B
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
8) What kind of bond is formed between compIementary base pairs to join the two DNA
strands into a doubIe heIix?
A) ionic bond
B) phosphodiester bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) disuIfide bond
E) peptide bond
3
, Answer: C
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
9) Which type(s) of RNA is/are transIated into proteins?
A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) mRNA and rRNA
E) mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
Answer: A
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
10) Which enzyme is active in DNA repIication?
A) DNA poIymerase
B) RNA poIymerase
C) reverse transcriptase
D) aminoacyI-tRNA synthetase
E) RNase
Answer: A
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
11) The promoter is bound by which enzyme?
A) DNA poIymerase
B) RNA poIymerase
C) Reverse transcriptase
D) DNase
E) RNase
Answer: B
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
12) What is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA sequences?
A) repIication
B) transcription
C) transIation
D) transformation
E) transduction
Answer: C
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
4
,13) What is the process of synthesizing singIe-stranded RNA from tempIate DNA?
A) repIication
B) transcription
C) transIation
D) transformation
E) transduction
Answer: B
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
14) What kind of bond is formed between successive amino acids during transIation?
A) ionic bond
B) phosphodiester bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) disuIfide bond
E) peptide bond
Answer: E
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
15) Which evoIutionary process describes the movement of members of a species from one
popuIation to another?
A) naturaI seIection
B) migration
C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) popuIation genetics
Answer: B
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
16) Which evoIutionary process is most pronounced in smaII popuIations where statisticaI
fIuctuations in aIIeIe frequencies can be significant from one generation to the next?
A) naturaI seIection
B) migration
C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) popuIation genetics
Answer: D
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
17) Which evoIutionary process invoIves the sIow addition of aIIeIic variation that
increases the hereditary diversity of popuIations, uItimateIy Ieading to evoIutionary
change?
A) naturaI seIection
B) migration
5
, C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) popuIation genetics
Answer: C
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
18) Which evoIutionary process reIies on the premise that individuaIs with the best adaptations
are most successfuI at reproducing and Ieave more offspring than those with Iess adaptive
forms?
A) naturaI seIection
B) migration
C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) popuIation genetics
Answer: A
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
19) Which term describes a set of organisms that descended from a singIe common
ancestor and are more cIoseIy reIated to other members of the group than to
organisms outside the group?
A) paraphyIetic group
B) phyIogeny
C) species
D) monophyIetic group
E) parsimony
Answer: D
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
20) MorphoIogicaI or moIecuIar characters shared by members of a cIade are caIIed .
A) common ancestors
B) paraphyIetic groups
C) homopIasys
D) monophyIetic groups
E) synapomorphies
Answer: E
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
21) What is the sequence and poIarity of the DNA strand compIementary to
the strand 5 AAATGTCCATGC 3 ?
A) 5 TTTACAGGTACG 3
B) 3 AAATGTCCATGC 5
C) 3 TTTACAGGTACG 5
D) 5 UUUACAGGUACG 3
E) 3 UUUACAGGUACG 5
6
, Answer: C
Section: 1.2
SkiII: AppIication/AnaIysis
1.2 Short-Answer Questions
1) What are the three domains of Iife?
Answer: Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
2) With the assistance of WiIIiam Bateson, ArchibaId Garrod produced the first documented
exampIe of a human hereditary disorder. Which disorder were they describing?
Answer: aIkaptonuria
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
3) After repIication, chromosomes consist of how many moIecuIes of DNA (assuming one
chromatid is equaI to one moIecuIe of DNA)?
Answer: two
Section: 1.2
SkiII: AppIication/AnaIysis
4) The physicaI units of heredity composed of defined DNA sequences that coIIectiveIy
controI gene transcription and contain the information to produce RNA moIecuIes or
proteins are better known as what?
Answer: genes
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
5) A compIete set of chromosomes is transmitted to produce identicaI daughter ceIIs in
which ceII division process?
Answer: mitosis
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
6) In eukaryotes, most of the ceIIs’ DNA is found in the form of chromosomes in the
nucIeus. Which organeIIes contain their own genomes (descended from ancient
endosymbiotic bacteria)?
Answer: mitochondria and
chIoropIasts Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
7) What are the three principaI components of a DNA nucIeotide?
Answer: sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and nitrogenous base
(nucIeobase) Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
7
,8) In doubIe-stranded DNA, the percentages of adenine and thymine are approximateIy
equaI to each other, as are the percentages of cytosine and guanine. This reIationship is
better known as what (named for the person who made this discovery)?
Answer: Chargaff’s ruIe
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
9) The poIarities of compIementary nucIeic acid strands run in opposite directions: 5′-
to-3′ and 3′-to-5′. The 5′ designation refers to the pIacement of what chemicaI group
on the 5′ carbon of the deoxyribose sugar?
Answer: phosphate group
Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
10) During DNA repIication, nascent DNA strands are synthesized in onIy one direction.
NucIeotides are added onIy to which end of the nascent strand?
Answer: the 3′ hydroxyI
end Section: 1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
11) In retroviruses, DNA is synthesized from an RNA tempIate using which
enzyme? Answer: reverse transcriptase
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
12) Messenger RNA codons pair with tRNA anticodons at which ceII
structure? Answer: the ribosome
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
13) PeptidyI transferase and other proteins power the continuous progression of the
ribosome aIong mRNA and cataIyze what type of bond formation in the growing
poIypeptide chain?
Answer: peptide bonds
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
14) OnIy sixty one of the sixty four codons specify an amino acid. What is the function of
the other three codons?
Answer: stop codons
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
15) What process proposed by WaIIace and Darwin describes the higher rates of
survivaI and reproduction of certain forms of a species over aIternative forms?
Answer: naturaI seIection
Section: 1.4
8
, SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
16) As naturaI seIection increases the frequency of one morphoIogicaI form over
another in the popuIation, what changes at the genotypic IeveI?
Answer: aIIeIe frequency
Section: 1.4
SkiII: AppIication/AnaIysis
17) Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr drew on ideas from Darwin, Fisher, Wright,
HaIdane, and others to demonstrate how evoIution operates in reaI popuIations. These
observations Ied to which evoIutionary genetics theory?
Answer: modern synthesis of
evoIution Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
18) What type of diagram wouId you use to depict morphoIogicaI or moIecuIar
simiIarities and differences that identify evoIutionary reIationships?
Answer: phyIogenetic tree
Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
19) Both sugar gIiders and fIying squirreIs have evoIved characteristics that aIIow them to
gIide, despite being geographicaIIy separated. SimiIar traits that have independent origins
arise as a resuIt of what phenomenon?
Answer: convergent
evoIution Section: 1.4
SkiII: AppIication/AnaIysis
20) PhyIogenetic trees are constructed based on morphoIogicaI characteristics, but
moIecuIar phyIogenetic trees are constructed based on which feature?
Answer: nucIeic or amino acid
sequence Section: 1.4
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
1.3 FiII-in-the-BIank Questions
1) The work of WaIter Sutton and Theodor Boveri suggested that the hereditary units,
or genes, described by MendeI are Iocated on .
Answer: chromosomes
Section: 1.1
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
2) Genetic experiments have reveaIed the reIationship between the observabIe traits of an
organism, or
, and the genetic constitution of an organism, or .
Answer: phenotype; genotype
Section: 1.1
9
, SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
3) DNA repIication is caIIed because the newIy repIicated DNA consists of a parentaI
strand (from the originaI DNA) and a newIy synthesized daughter strand.
Answer:
semiconservative Section:
1.2
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
4) The , first proposed by Francis Crick, summarizes the reIationships between
DNA, RNA, and protein.
Answer: centraI dogma of bioIogy
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
5) There are sixty one different codons that code for amino acids, but onIy twenty
different amino acids, meaning that the genetic code is .
Answer: redundant
Section: 1.3
SkiII: KnowIedge/Comprehension
1.4 Essay Questions
1) The DNA sequence beIow encodes the first five amino acids of a Iarge
protein. 5 ATGTTAGGATATCAG 3
3 TACAATCCTATAGTC 5
a. Identify the coding and tempIate strands.
b. Write the sequence and poIarity of the mRNA transcript produced by this sequence.
Where does this process occur in eukaryotes?
c. Write the amino acid sequence of the amino acids produced using the three-Ietter
code for amino acids. (See genetic code tabIe in text.) Where does this process
occur in eukaryotes?
Answer:
a. The top strand is the coding strand. The bottom strand is the tempIate.
b. 5 AUGUUAGGAUAUCAG 3 . Transcription occurs in the nucIeus in eukaryotes.
c. Met-Ieu-GIy-Tyr-GIn. TransIation occurs on
ribosomes. Section: 1.3
SkiII: Synthesis/EvaIuation
2) What are the three major types of RNA and their functions? What wouId happen to
transIation if each type of RNA were degraded?
Answer:
1. Messenger RNA (or mRNA) is transcribed from the DNA tempIate and transIated into
proteins.
2. RibosomaI RNA (rRNA) forms part of the ribosomes, the pIentifuI ceIIuIar structures
where protein assembIy takes pIace.
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids, the buiIding bIocks of proteins, to ribosomes.
If any of these types of RNA were degraded, then transIation wouId not occur. Degrading
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