FRSC 438 Exam 1 With Complete Solutions
What can DNA tell forensic scientist? - ANSWER Identification, Classification,
Individualization, Association, Reconstruction
What is Forensic Molecular Biology? - ANSWER biology of the cell at molecular level
such as DNA/RNA components
What blood type(s) are most common? - ANSWER O & A
What blood type(s) are least common? - ANSWER B & AB
What is RFLP? - ANSWER Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; gives us quantity
of DNA by thickness of band
Polymarker - ANSWER multiple locus; detected by PCR & analyzed by dot-blot. Fast, yet
low discrimination
What method is used now for DNA? - ANSWER STR
What is STR - ANSWER Short Tandem Repeats; utilizes PCR (3-10 bp) & capillary
electrophoresis.
What is amelogenin? - ANSWER Sex/Gender gene marker
What is exclusion? - ANSWER Failure to match between two DNA profiles
Name four reasons for DNA Typing? - ANSWER Forensics, missing persons, paternity
test, historical investigations, Military (dog tags)
Where can we find DNA? - ANSWER blood, semen, saliva, bone, tissues
What are the main types of DNA? - ANSWER mtDNA & nuclear DNA
What is the make up of DNA? - ANSWER sugar phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases,
phosophodiester bonds
How do we know the backbone is part of RNA? - ANSWER It has an extra OH group on
carbon 2
How do we know the backbone is part of DNA? - ANSWER It is lacking an OH group on
carbon 2
What do Adenine & Guanine have in common? - ANSWER Purines; both have two rings
What do Thymine & Cytosine have in common? - ANSWER Pyridines; both have one ring
DNA Base Adenine - ANSWER Dexoyadenosine
, RNA base Adenine - ANSWER Adenosine
How many H bonds C&G have? - ANSWER 3; its harder to break apart, requires more
heat & energy
How many H bonds A&T have? - ANSWER 2
DNA Tertiary Structure(s) - ANSWER A, B, Z form
A- Form of DNA - ANSWER Partly dehydrate, shallow wide & minor grooves
B- Form of DNA - ANSWER Most common, normal form of DNA; high hydration levels
Z-Form of DNA - ANSWER left hand spiral, unusual structure
Quartnary Structure of DNA - ANSWER DNA wraps around histones-nucleosomes
"beads on a string"-chromatin-chromosome
Where in mitosis is chromosome structures? - ANSWER Prophase & metaphase
Nuclear DNA - ANSWER located in nucleus; diploid, with 23 chromosomes
mtDNA - ANSWER located in mitochondria(s), haploid, abundant
In vivo replication - ANSWER natural replication in cell; uses enzymes, Okazaki Frags
In vitro replication - ANSWER synthetic, lab replication, uses temperature & enzymes
How DNA replicates in vivo - ANSWER 1) Helicase unwinds dsDNA anywhere,
separating the two strands
2)DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides to new strand
3) Final product is two identical dsDNA
What is the goal of evidence preservation? - ANSWER to preserve the evidence in the
same condition as collected at crime scene
Evidence Handling Tips - ANSWER Wear PPE, collect evidence that pertains to the
crime, prevent contamination, protect personel
What can cause evidence to degrade? - ANSWER Heat, time, moisture, UV
When you collect evidence.... - ANSWER Wet- store in dry paper bag & store cool, dry
place
What is DNA Extraction? - ANSWER removing DNA from cellular materials
What is the goal of DNA Extraction? - ANSWER removing nucleic acids from cell material
& minimizing DNA ruin
DNA Extraction Procedures - ANSWER Organic, Silica, FTA Purification, Chelex Beads,
What can DNA tell forensic scientist? - ANSWER Identification, Classification,
Individualization, Association, Reconstruction
What is Forensic Molecular Biology? - ANSWER biology of the cell at molecular level
such as DNA/RNA components
What blood type(s) are most common? - ANSWER O & A
What blood type(s) are least common? - ANSWER B & AB
What is RFLP? - ANSWER Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; gives us quantity
of DNA by thickness of band
Polymarker - ANSWER multiple locus; detected by PCR & analyzed by dot-blot. Fast, yet
low discrimination
What method is used now for DNA? - ANSWER STR
What is STR - ANSWER Short Tandem Repeats; utilizes PCR (3-10 bp) & capillary
electrophoresis.
What is amelogenin? - ANSWER Sex/Gender gene marker
What is exclusion? - ANSWER Failure to match between two DNA profiles
Name four reasons for DNA Typing? - ANSWER Forensics, missing persons, paternity
test, historical investigations, Military (dog tags)
Where can we find DNA? - ANSWER blood, semen, saliva, bone, tissues
What are the main types of DNA? - ANSWER mtDNA & nuclear DNA
What is the make up of DNA? - ANSWER sugar phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases,
phosophodiester bonds
How do we know the backbone is part of RNA? - ANSWER It has an extra OH group on
carbon 2
How do we know the backbone is part of DNA? - ANSWER It is lacking an OH group on
carbon 2
What do Adenine & Guanine have in common? - ANSWER Purines; both have two rings
What do Thymine & Cytosine have in common? - ANSWER Pyridines; both have one ring
DNA Base Adenine - ANSWER Dexoyadenosine
, RNA base Adenine - ANSWER Adenosine
How many H bonds C&G have? - ANSWER 3; its harder to break apart, requires more
heat & energy
How many H bonds A&T have? - ANSWER 2
DNA Tertiary Structure(s) - ANSWER A, B, Z form
A- Form of DNA - ANSWER Partly dehydrate, shallow wide & minor grooves
B- Form of DNA - ANSWER Most common, normal form of DNA; high hydration levels
Z-Form of DNA - ANSWER left hand spiral, unusual structure
Quartnary Structure of DNA - ANSWER DNA wraps around histones-nucleosomes
"beads on a string"-chromatin-chromosome
Where in mitosis is chromosome structures? - ANSWER Prophase & metaphase
Nuclear DNA - ANSWER located in nucleus; diploid, with 23 chromosomes
mtDNA - ANSWER located in mitochondria(s), haploid, abundant
In vivo replication - ANSWER natural replication in cell; uses enzymes, Okazaki Frags
In vitro replication - ANSWER synthetic, lab replication, uses temperature & enzymes
How DNA replicates in vivo - ANSWER 1) Helicase unwinds dsDNA anywhere,
separating the two strands
2)DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides to new strand
3) Final product is two identical dsDNA
What is the goal of evidence preservation? - ANSWER to preserve the evidence in the
same condition as collected at crime scene
Evidence Handling Tips - ANSWER Wear PPE, collect evidence that pertains to the
crime, prevent contamination, protect personel
What can cause evidence to degrade? - ANSWER Heat, time, moisture, UV
When you collect evidence.... - ANSWER Wet- store in dry paper bag & store cool, dry
place
What is DNA Extraction? - ANSWER removing DNA from cellular materials
What is the goal of DNA Extraction? - ANSWER removing nucleic acids from cell material
& minimizing DNA ruin
DNA Extraction Procedures - ANSWER Organic, Silica, FTA Purification, Chelex Beads,
