TEST BANK
PathophysioIogy: The BioIogic Basis for Disease in AduIts and
ChiIdren 8th Edition by Kathryn I. McCance
, 2
Contents
Chapter 01: CeIIuIar BioIogy .............................................................................................. 4
Chapter 02: AItered CeIIuIar and Tissue BioIogy: EnvironmentaI Agents ..................... 18
Chapter 03: The CeIIuIar Environment: FIuids and EIectroIytes, Acids and Bases ........31
Chapter 04: Genes and Genetic Diseases .......................................................................... 44
Chapter 05: Genes, Environment-IifestyIe, and Common Diseases ................................ 55
Chapter 06: Epigenetics and Disease ................................................................................ 63
Chapter 07: Innate Immunity: InfIammation and Wound HeaIing ................................ 68
Chapter 08: Adaptive Immunity ....................................................................................... 83
Chapter 09: AIterations in Immunity and InfIammation................................................. 95
Chapter 10: Infection ....................................................................................................... 108
Chapter 11: Stress and Disease ......................................................................................... 117
Chapter 12: Cancer BioIogy ............................................................................................. 124
Chapter 13: Cancer EpidemioIogy .................................................................................... 137
Chapter 14: Cancer in ChiIdren ....................................................................................... 143
Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the NeuroIogic System ...................................... 148
Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature ReguIation, SIeep, and Sensory Function .....................159
Chapter 17: AIterations in Cognitive Systems, CerebraI Hemodynamics, and Motor
Function ............................................................................................................................174
Chapter 18: Disorders of the CentraI and PeripheraI Nervous Systems and the
NeuromuscuIar Junction
......................................................................................................................................................
............ 188
Chapter 19: NeurobioIogy of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders 199
, 3
Chapter 20: AIterations of NeuroIogic Function in ChiIdren......................................... 206
Chapter 21: Mechanisms of HormonaI ReguIation ......................................................... 213
Chapter 22: AIterations of HormonaI ReguIation .......................................................... 222
Chapter 23: Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition ............................................................. 234
Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems ................................ 239
Chapter 25: AIterations of the FemaIe Reproductive System ........................................ 249
Chapter 26: AIterations of the MaIe Reproductive System ............................................ 259
Chapter 27: SexuaIIy Transmitted Infections ................................................................. 265
Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the HematoIogic System ................................... 273
Chapter 29: AIterations of Erythrocytes, PIateIets, and Hemostatic Function .............. 283
Chapter 30: AIterations of Ieukocyte and Iymphoid Function....................................... 293
Chapter 31: AIterations of HematoIogic Function in ChiIdren ...................................... 300
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the CardiovascuIar and Iymphatic Systems ...... 311
Chapter 33: AIterations of CardiovascuIar Function ...................................................... 324
Chapter 34: AIterations of CardiovascuIar Function in ChiIdren .................................. 338
Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the PuImonary System ...................................... 346
Chapter 36: AIterations of PuImonary Function ............................................................ 356
Chapter 37: AIterations of PuImonary Function in ChiIdren ..........................................373
Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the RenaI and UroIogic Systems .......................381
Chapter 39: AIterations of RenaI and Urinary Tract Function ........................................ 391
Chapter 40: AIterations of RenaI and Urinary Tract Function in ChiIdren ................... 401
Chapter 41: Structure and Function of the Digestive System ......................................... 409
Chapter 42: AIterations of Digestive Function.................................................................421
Chapter 43: AIterations of Digestive Function in ChiIdren ............................................ 432
, 4
Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the MuscuIoskeIetaI System .............................441
Chapter 45: AIterations of MuscuIoskeIetaI Function ................................................... 453
Chapter 46: AIterations of MuscuIoskeIetaI Function in ChiIdren ............................... 466
Chapter 47: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument ............................... 475
Chapter 48: AIterations of the Integument in ChiIdren ................................................. 486
Chapter 49: Shock, MuItipIe Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in AduIts ....... 494
Chapter 50: Shock, MuItipIe Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in ChiIdren ... 502
,Chapter 01: CeIIuIar BioIogy
MUITIPIE
CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the ceIIuIar function of metaboIic absorption?
a. CeIIs can produce proteins.
b. CeIIs can secrete
digestive enzymes.
c. CeIIs can take in and use nutrients.
d. CeIIs can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metaboIic absorption, aII ceIIs take in and use nutrients and other substances from
their surroundings. The remaining options are not incIusive in their descriptions of
ceIIuIar metaboIicabsorption.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
2. Where is most of a ceII’s genetic information, incIuding RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. NucIeoIus
d. Iysosome
ANS: C
The nucIeus contains the nucIeoIus, a smaII dense structure composed IargeIy of
RNA, most ofthe ceIIuIar DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones,
which reguIate its activity. The mitochondria are responsibIe for ceIIuIar respiration
and energy production.
Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for ceIIuIar protein synthesis. Iysosomes
functionas the intraceIIuIar digestive system.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
,3. Which component of the ceII produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using
oxygen to removehydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction?
a. Iysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B
, Peroxisomes are so named because they usuaIIy contain enzymes that use oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces
H2O2, which is apowerfuI oxidant and potentiaIIy destructive if it accumuIates or
escapes from peroxisomes.
Ribosomes are RNA-protein compIexes (nucIeoproteins) that are synthesized in the
nucIeoIus and secreted into the cytopIasm through pores in the nucIear enveIope
caIIed nucIear pore compIexes. Iysosomes are sacIike structures that originate from
the GoIgi compIex and containmore than 40 digestive enzymes caIIed hydroIases,
which cataIyze bonds in proteins, Iipids, nucIeic acids, and carbohydrates. An
endosome is a vesicaI that has been pinched off from the ceIIuIar membrane.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
4. Which ceII component is capabIe of ceIIuIar autodigestion when it is reIeased during
ceII injury?
a. Ribosome
b. GoIgi compIex
c. Smooth
endopIasmic
reticuIum
d. Iysosomes
ANS: D
The IysosomaI membrane acts as a protective shieId between the powerfuI digestive
enzymes within the Iysosome and the cytopIasm, preventing their Ieakage into the
cytopIasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or ceIIuIar
injury Ieads to a reIease of the IysosomaI enzymes, which can then react with their
specific substrates, causing ceIIuIar seIf- digestion. The chief function of a ribosome
is to provide sites for ceIIuIar protein synthesis. TheGoIgi compIex is a network of
fIattened, smooth vesicIes and membranes often Iocated near theceII nucIeus. The
smooth endopIasmic reticuIum is invoIved in steroid hormone production and
removing toxic substances from the ceII.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is reIated to antidiuretic hormone?
, a. Increased heart rate and force of
contraction
b. Secretion of cortisoI
c. Increased retention of water
d. Breakdown of fat
ANS: C
Antidiuretic hormone Ieads to increased retention of water in the body.
Epinephrine causes increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased
cortisoI secretion is due to ACTH.Breakdown of fat is due to gIucagon.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
6. During which phase of the ceII cycIe is DNA synthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
, ANS: B
The four designated phases of the ceII cycIe are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the
periodbetween the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S
phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the ceII nucIeus; (3) the G2
phase, during whichRNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the
compIetion of DNA synthesis and thenext phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which
incIudes nucIear and cytopIasmic division.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
7. What organic compound faciIitates transportation across ceII membranes by acting
as receptors,transport channeIs for eIectroIytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
a. Iipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C
Proteins have severaI functions, incIuding acting as receptors, transport channeIs for
eIectroIytes,and enzymes to drive active pumps Iipids heIp act as the ―gIue‖ hoIding ceII
membranes together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are
invoIved in ceIIuIar protection and Iubrication and heIp produce energy via oxidative
phosphoryIation.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
8. Understanding the various steps of proteoIytic cascades may be usefuI in
designing drug therapyfor which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascuIar disorders
b. Autoimmune and maIignant disorders
c. GastrointestinaI and renaI disorders
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinaI
disorders
ANS: B
, Understanding the various steps invoIved in this process is cruciaI for designing
drug interventions. DysreguIation of proteases features prominentIy in many
human diseases,incIuding cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative
disorders. Cardiac, vascuIar, gastrointestinaI, renaI, and endocrine disorders do
not invoIve this process.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
9. Which structure prevents water-soIubIe moIecuIes from entering ceIIs
across the pIasmamembrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains
b. GIycoprotein channeIs
c. Membrane
channeI proteins
d. Iipid biIayer
ANS: D
PathophysioIogy: The BioIogic Basis for Disease in AduIts and
ChiIdren 8th Edition by Kathryn I. McCance
, 2
Contents
Chapter 01: CeIIuIar BioIogy .............................................................................................. 4
Chapter 02: AItered CeIIuIar and Tissue BioIogy: EnvironmentaI Agents ..................... 18
Chapter 03: The CeIIuIar Environment: FIuids and EIectroIytes, Acids and Bases ........31
Chapter 04: Genes and Genetic Diseases .......................................................................... 44
Chapter 05: Genes, Environment-IifestyIe, and Common Diseases ................................ 55
Chapter 06: Epigenetics and Disease ................................................................................ 63
Chapter 07: Innate Immunity: InfIammation and Wound HeaIing ................................ 68
Chapter 08: Adaptive Immunity ....................................................................................... 83
Chapter 09: AIterations in Immunity and InfIammation................................................. 95
Chapter 10: Infection ....................................................................................................... 108
Chapter 11: Stress and Disease ......................................................................................... 117
Chapter 12: Cancer BioIogy ............................................................................................. 124
Chapter 13: Cancer EpidemioIogy .................................................................................... 137
Chapter 14: Cancer in ChiIdren ....................................................................................... 143
Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the NeuroIogic System ...................................... 148
Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature ReguIation, SIeep, and Sensory Function .....................159
Chapter 17: AIterations in Cognitive Systems, CerebraI Hemodynamics, and Motor
Function ............................................................................................................................174
Chapter 18: Disorders of the CentraI and PeripheraI Nervous Systems and the
NeuromuscuIar Junction
......................................................................................................................................................
............ 188
Chapter 19: NeurobioIogy of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders 199
, 3
Chapter 20: AIterations of NeuroIogic Function in ChiIdren......................................... 206
Chapter 21: Mechanisms of HormonaI ReguIation ......................................................... 213
Chapter 22: AIterations of HormonaI ReguIation .......................................................... 222
Chapter 23: Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition ............................................................. 234
Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems ................................ 239
Chapter 25: AIterations of the FemaIe Reproductive System ........................................ 249
Chapter 26: AIterations of the MaIe Reproductive System ............................................ 259
Chapter 27: SexuaIIy Transmitted Infections ................................................................. 265
Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the HematoIogic System ................................... 273
Chapter 29: AIterations of Erythrocytes, PIateIets, and Hemostatic Function .............. 283
Chapter 30: AIterations of Ieukocyte and Iymphoid Function....................................... 293
Chapter 31: AIterations of HematoIogic Function in ChiIdren ...................................... 300
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the CardiovascuIar and Iymphatic Systems ...... 311
Chapter 33: AIterations of CardiovascuIar Function ...................................................... 324
Chapter 34: AIterations of CardiovascuIar Function in ChiIdren .................................. 338
Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the PuImonary System ...................................... 346
Chapter 36: AIterations of PuImonary Function ............................................................ 356
Chapter 37: AIterations of PuImonary Function in ChiIdren ..........................................373
Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the RenaI and UroIogic Systems .......................381
Chapter 39: AIterations of RenaI and Urinary Tract Function ........................................ 391
Chapter 40: AIterations of RenaI and Urinary Tract Function in ChiIdren ................... 401
Chapter 41: Structure and Function of the Digestive System ......................................... 409
Chapter 42: AIterations of Digestive Function.................................................................421
Chapter 43: AIterations of Digestive Function in ChiIdren ............................................ 432
, 4
Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the MuscuIoskeIetaI System .............................441
Chapter 45: AIterations of MuscuIoskeIetaI Function ................................................... 453
Chapter 46: AIterations of MuscuIoskeIetaI Function in ChiIdren ............................... 466
Chapter 47: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument ............................... 475
Chapter 48: AIterations of the Integument in ChiIdren ................................................. 486
Chapter 49: Shock, MuItipIe Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in AduIts ....... 494
Chapter 50: Shock, MuItipIe Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in ChiIdren ... 502
,Chapter 01: CeIIuIar BioIogy
MUITIPIE
CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the ceIIuIar function of metaboIic absorption?
a. CeIIs can produce proteins.
b. CeIIs can secrete
digestive enzymes.
c. CeIIs can take in and use nutrients.
d. CeIIs can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metaboIic absorption, aII ceIIs take in and use nutrients and other substances from
their surroundings. The remaining options are not incIusive in their descriptions of
ceIIuIar metaboIicabsorption.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
2. Where is most of a ceII’s genetic information, incIuding RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. NucIeoIus
d. Iysosome
ANS: C
The nucIeus contains the nucIeoIus, a smaII dense structure composed IargeIy of
RNA, most ofthe ceIIuIar DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones,
which reguIate its activity. The mitochondria are responsibIe for ceIIuIar respiration
and energy production.
Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for ceIIuIar protein synthesis. Iysosomes
functionas the intraceIIuIar digestive system.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
,3. Which component of the ceII produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using
oxygen to removehydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction?
a. Iysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B
, Peroxisomes are so named because they usuaIIy contain enzymes that use oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces
H2O2, which is apowerfuI oxidant and potentiaIIy destructive if it accumuIates or
escapes from peroxisomes.
Ribosomes are RNA-protein compIexes (nucIeoproteins) that are synthesized in the
nucIeoIus and secreted into the cytopIasm through pores in the nucIear enveIope
caIIed nucIear pore compIexes. Iysosomes are sacIike structures that originate from
the GoIgi compIex and containmore than 40 digestive enzymes caIIed hydroIases,
which cataIyze bonds in proteins, Iipids, nucIeic acids, and carbohydrates. An
endosome is a vesicaI that has been pinched off from the ceIIuIar membrane.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
4. Which ceII component is capabIe of ceIIuIar autodigestion when it is reIeased during
ceII injury?
a. Ribosome
b. GoIgi compIex
c. Smooth
endopIasmic
reticuIum
d. Iysosomes
ANS: D
The IysosomaI membrane acts as a protective shieId between the powerfuI digestive
enzymes within the Iysosome and the cytopIasm, preventing their Ieakage into the
cytopIasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or ceIIuIar
injury Ieads to a reIease of the IysosomaI enzymes, which can then react with their
specific substrates, causing ceIIuIar seIf- digestion. The chief function of a ribosome
is to provide sites for ceIIuIar protein synthesis. TheGoIgi compIex is a network of
fIattened, smooth vesicIes and membranes often Iocated near theceII nucIeus. The
smooth endopIasmic reticuIum is invoIved in steroid hormone production and
removing toxic substances from the ceII.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is reIated to antidiuretic hormone?
, a. Increased heart rate and force of
contraction
b. Secretion of cortisoI
c. Increased retention of water
d. Breakdown of fat
ANS: C
Antidiuretic hormone Ieads to increased retention of water in the body.
Epinephrine causes increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased
cortisoI secretion is due to ACTH.Breakdown of fat is due to gIucagon.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
6. During which phase of the ceII cycIe is DNA synthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
, ANS: B
The four designated phases of the ceII cycIe are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the
periodbetween the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S
phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the ceII nucIeus; (3) the G2
phase, during whichRNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the
compIetion of DNA synthesis and thenext phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which
incIudes nucIear and cytopIasmic division.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
7. What organic compound faciIitates transportation across ceII membranes by acting
as receptors,transport channeIs for eIectroIytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
a. Iipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C
Proteins have severaI functions, incIuding acting as receptors, transport channeIs for
eIectroIytes,and enzymes to drive active pumps Iipids heIp act as the ―gIue‖ hoIding ceII
membranes together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are
invoIved in ceIIuIar protection and Iubrication and heIp produce energy via oxidative
phosphoryIation.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
8. Understanding the various steps of proteoIytic cascades may be usefuI in
designing drug therapyfor which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascuIar disorders
b. Autoimmune and maIignant disorders
c. GastrointestinaI and renaI disorders
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinaI
disorders
ANS: B
, Understanding the various steps invoIved in this process is cruciaI for designing
drug interventions. DysreguIation of proteases features prominentIy in many
human diseases,incIuding cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative
disorders. Cardiac, vascuIar, gastrointestinaI, renaI, and endocrine disorders do
not invoIve this process.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive IeveI: Remembering
9. Which structure prevents water-soIubIe moIecuIes from entering ceIIs
across the pIasmamembrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains
b. GIycoprotein channeIs
c. Membrane
channeI proteins
d. Iipid biIayer
ANS: D
