NUSCTX 10, MIDTERM 2 - UC
BERKELEY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Pantothenic Acid - Answer-Part of coenzyme A
Used in energy metabolism
Pantothenic Acid: AI - Answer-Adults: 5 mg/day
Pantothenic Acid: Significant Sources - Answer-Widespread in foods
Chicken
Beef
Potatoes
Oats
Tomatoes
Liver
Egg yolk
Broccoli
Whole-grains
Pantothenic Acid: Deficiency Symptoms - Answer-Vomiting, nausea, stomach
cramps
Insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy
Hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin
Numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk
Biotin - Answer-Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism
Fat synthesis
Amino acid metabolism
Glycogen synthesis
Biotin: AI - Answer-Adults: 30 micrograms/day
Biotin: Significant Sources - Answer-Widespread in foods
Liver
Egg yolks
Soybeans
Fish
Whole-grains
Produced by GI bacteria
Biotin: Deficiency Symptoms - Answer-Depression, lethargy, hallucinations
Numb or tingling sensation in arms and legs
Red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose and mouth
Hair loss
Vitamin C - Answer-Ascorbic Acid
,Vitamin C RDA - Answer-Men: 90 mg/day
Women: 75 mg/day
Smokers: +35 mg/day
UL - Answer-Adults: 2000 mg/day
Vitamin C: Chief Functions in the Body - Answer-Collagen synthesis
Antioxidant
Thyroxin synthesis
Amino acid metabolism
Strengthens resistance to infection
Helps in absorption of iron
Vitamin C: Significan Sources - Answer-Citrus fruits
Cabbage-type vegetable
Dark green vegetables
Strawberries
Lettuce
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Papayas
Mangos
Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
Vitamin C: Deficiency Disease - Answer-Scurvy
Vitamin C: Deficiency Symptoms - Answer-Anemia
Atherosclerotic plaques
Pinpoint hemorrhages
Bone fragility, joint pain, poor wound healing
Frequent infections
Bleeding gums, loosened teeth
Muscle degeneration
Pain, hysteria, depression
Rough skin, blotchy bruises
Folate - Answer-Folic acid
Folacin
Pteroylglutamic
Folate RDA - Answer-Adults: 400 micrograms/day
Folate UL - Answer-Adults: 1000 micrograms/day
Folate: Chief Functions in the Body - Answer-Part of coenzymes THF
(tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore
important in new cell formation
Folate: Significant Sources - Answer-Fortified grains
, Leafy green vegetables
Legumes
Seeds
Liver
Folate: Deficiency Symptoms - Answer-Anemia
Smooth, red tongue
Mental confusion
Weakness, fatigue, irritability
Headache
Shortness of breath
Elevated homocysteine
Cobalamin - Answer-Vitamin B12
Cobalamin RDA - Answer-Adults: 2.4 micrograms/day
Cobalamin: Chief Functions in the Body - Answer-Part of coenzymes
methylcobalamin and deoxydenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis
Helps to maintain nerve cells
Reforms folate coenzyme
Helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids
Cobalamin: Significant Sources - Answer-Foods of animal origin
Fortified cereals
Cobalamin: Deficiency Disease - Answer-Pernicious anemia
Cobalamin: Deficiency Symptoms - Answer-Anemia
Fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves
Paralysis
Sore tongue
Loss of appetite
Constipation
Iron - Answer-Most common nutritional deficiency worldwide
Estimated that 2 billion people may be deficient
Excess iron also major problem as free iron is toxic and causes oxidative damage
Too little iron - Answer-Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity and energy generation
(esp. in women, children)
Too much iron - Answer-Free radical mediated damage
Susceptibility to infection
Risk of heart disease, especially in men
Functions of Iron - Answer-Oxygen transport
Enzyme cofactor
Immune function
BERKELEY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Pantothenic Acid - Answer-Part of coenzyme A
Used in energy metabolism
Pantothenic Acid: AI - Answer-Adults: 5 mg/day
Pantothenic Acid: Significant Sources - Answer-Widespread in foods
Chicken
Beef
Potatoes
Oats
Tomatoes
Liver
Egg yolk
Broccoli
Whole-grains
Pantothenic Acid: Deficiency Symptoms - Answer-Vomiting, nausea, stomach
cramps
Insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy
Hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin
Numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk
Biotin - Answer-Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism
Fat synthesis
Amino acid metabolism
Glycogen synthesis
Biotin: AI - Answer-Adults: 30 micrograms/day
Biotin: Significant Sources - Answer-Widespread in foods
Liver
Egg yolks
Soybeans
Fish
Whole-grains
Produced by GI bacteria
Biotin: Deficiency Symptoms - Answer-Depression, lethargy, hallucinations
Numb or tingling sensation in arms and legs
Red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose and mouth
Hair loss
Vitamin C - Answer-Ascorbic Acid
,Vitamin C RDA - Answer-Men: 90 mg/day
Women: 75 mg/day
Smokers: +35 mg/day
UL - Answer-Adults: 2000 mg/day
Vitamin C: Chief Functions in the Body - Answer-Collagen synthesis
Antioxidant
Thyroxin synthesis
Amino acid metabolism
Strengthens resistance to infection
Helps in absorption of iron
Vitamin C: Significan Sources - Answer-Citrus fruits
Cabbage-type vegetable
Dark green vegetables
Strawberries
Lettuce
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Papayas
Mangos
Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
Vitamin C: Deficiency Disease - Answer-Scurvy
Vitamin C: Deficiency Symptoms - Answer-Anemia
Atherosclerotic plaques
Pinpoint hemorrhages
Bone fragility, joint pain, poor wound healing
Frequent infections
Bleeding gums, loosened teeth
Muscle degeneration
Pain, hysteria, depression
Rough skin, blotchy bruises
Folate - Answer-Folic acid
Folacin
Pteroylglutamic
Folate RDA - Answer-Adults: 400 micrograms/day
Folate UL - Answer-Adults: 1000 micrograms/day
Folate: Chief Functions in the Body - Answer-Part of coenzymes THF
(tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore
important in new cell formation
Folate: Significant Sources - Answer-Fortified grains
, Leafy green vegetables
Legumes
Seeds
Liver
Folate: Deficiency Symptoms - Answer-Anemia
Smooth, red tongue
Mental confusion
Weakness, fatigue, irritability
Headache
Shortness of breath
Elevated homocysteine
Cobalamin - Answer-Vitamin B12
Cobalamin RDA - Answer-Adults: 2.4 micrograms/day
Cobalamin: Chief Functions in the Body - Answer-Part of coenzymes
methylcobalamin and deoxydenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis
Helps to maintain nerve cells
Reforms folate coenzyme
Helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids
Cobalamin: Significant Sources - Answer-Foods of animal origin
Fortified cereals
Cobalamin: Deficiency Disease - Answer-Pernicious anemia
Cobalamin: Deficiency Symptoms - Answer-Anemia
Fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves
Paralysis
Sore tongue
Loss of appetite
Constipation
Iron - Answer-Most common nutritional deficiency worldwide
Estimated that 2 billion people may be deficient
Excess iron also major problem as free iron is toxic and causes oxidative damage
Too little iron - Answer-Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity and energy generation
(esp. in women, children)
Too much iron - Answer-Free radical mediated damage
Susceptibility to infection
Risk of heart disease, especially in men
Functions of Iron - Answer-Oxygen transport
Enzyme cofactor
Immune function
