APEA PREDICTOR EXAM 2025 WITH CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND ACTUAL ANSWERS FROM A
VERIFIED SOURCE GRADED A+.
CARCINOMA - ANSWERS-cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues
that line or cover internal organ
LYMPHOMA AND MYELOMA -ANSWERS-Begins in cells of the immune
system,bone marrow
SARCOMA - ANSWERS-Begins in the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood
vessels, or connective tissues.
LEUKEMIA - ANSWERS-begins in blood forming tissue, such as bone
marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced
and enter the blood.
CNS CANCERS - ANSWERS-Begin in tissues of the brain and spinal
cord; ex: nerve cells: neuroblastoma
BENIGN - ANSWERS-tumors that cannot spread by invasion or
metastasis; hence they only grow locally.
MALIGNANT - ANSWERS-- capable of spreading by invasion/metastasis
- Metastases share name of the primary tumor
- Spread to vital organs (liver, brain) - life threatening
NUCLEUS - ANSWERS-control center; controls genetic info
Mitochondria- powerhouse; converts sugar to energy via cellular
respiration.
Ribosomes - ANSWERS-site of protein synthesis
,Golgi apparatus - ANSWERS-packaging center of cell packages and
secretes proteins
Centrioles - ANSWERS-organizes microtubules (spindle fibers) for mitosis
Chromosomes - ANSWERS-condensed DNA and proteins, codes for
genetic traits
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWERS-Transports intracellular materials
Interphase - ANSWERS-90% growth, DNA replication, cell function
G-0 - ANSWERS-resting stage. Cell leaves to carry out function
G1 - ANSWERS-- growth and prep of chromosomes for replication
S phase - ANSWERS-DNA replication occurs
G2 - ANSWERS-prepare for mitosis
M Phase - ANSWERS-mitosis occurs 10%
Prophase - ANSWERS-chromosomes condensing; nucleus present
Metaphase - ANSWERS-chromosomes line up in middle of cell nucleus
disassembled
Anaphase - ANSWERS-chromosomes move away ot opposite sides via
spindles
Telophase - ANSWERS-new nuclei forms on both sides to form new cells.
Cytokinesis - ANSWERS-splits cells into 2
Cell cycle quality control: - ANSWERS-• Checkpoints in Gl & G2
,• Apoptosis: self destruction of cell Mitosis checkpoints: detect failure of
spindle fibers & arrest cell in metaphase.
• Gene mutations checkpoint failure = cancer
Gene mutations - ANSWERS-1. Tumor suppressor gene mutations
2. Proto-oncogene mutations
Tumor suppressor gene mutations - ANSWERS-Cancer cells avoid
apoptosis and keep growing and dividing, resulting in a tumor. This is a
recessive mutation so both alleles in the gene need to be mutated to cause
the cancer
"brakes of a car"
Proto-oncogene mutations - ANSWERS-dominant genes, only one allele
needs to be stated to cause cancer.- proto-onco gene mutates into an
oncogene, a cell will keep diving even when there are no messages to
divide.
"gas of a car"
Abnormal cell growth - ANSWERS-Tumor/neoplasm formation
→apoptosis fails - ANSWERS-Invasion & Metastasis
Invasion - ANSWERS-direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into
neighboring tissues
Metastasis - ANSWERS-ability of cancer cels to penetrate into lymphatic
and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade
normal tissues elsewhere in the body.
Establishment and growth - ANSWERS-tumor cells establish and grow in
secondary site: lymp nodes or in organs from venous curculation.
CARCINOGENESIS STAGES - ANSWERS-INITIATION
PROMOTION
SPREAD/PROGRESSION
, INITIATION - ANSWERS-Carcinogens cause mutations in the cellular
DNA
● spontaneous
● Carcinogens: chemicals, physical factors, biologic agents
PROMOTION - ANSWERS-allow a cell that has undergone initiation to
become cancerous. (Doesn't affect cells that haven't undergone initiation).
Leads to the formation of pre-neoplastic or benign lesion. ● Drugs ● Sex
hormones
SPREAD/PROGRESSION - ANSWERS-: cancer grows into surrounding
tissue or organs (stimulate angiogenesis) , nearby or distant. Spread via
lymphatic system or blood stream.
Proliferation - ANSWERS-rapid reproduction by cell division: hyperplasia,
dysplasia, and metaplasia, neoplasia
Metastasis - ANSWERS-spread or transfer of cancer cells
ETIOLOGY, what are the etiological factors - ANSWERS-● Viruses and
bacteria
● Physical agents
● Chemicals
● Genetics
● Lifestyle
VIRUSES - ANSWERS-● Human papilloma virus (HPV)
● Cervical, head, and neck cancers
● Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
● Liver cancer
● Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
● Burkitt lymphoma, & nasopharyngeal cancer
BACTERIA - ANSWERS-Chronic inflammatory reactions to bacteria &
production of carcinogenic metabolites ● H. Pylori — gastric cancer
PHYSICAL AGENTS - ANSWERS-Exposure to sunlight
Radiation
QUESTIONS AND ACTUAL ANSWERS FROM A
VERIFIED SOURCE GRADED A+.
CARCINOMA - ANSWERS-cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues
that line or cover internal organ
LYMPHOMA AND MYELOMA -ANSWERS-Begins in cells of the immune
system,bone marrow
SARCOMA - ANSWERS-Begins in the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood
vessels, or connective tissues.
LEUKEMIA - ANSWERS-begins in blood forming tissue, such as bone
marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced
and enter the blood.
CNS CANCERS - ANSWERS-Begin in tissues of the brain and spinal
cord; ex: nerve cells: neuroblastoma
BENIGN - ANSWERS-tumors that cannot spread by invasion or
metastasis; hence they only grow locally.
MALIGNANT - ANSWERS-- capable of spreading by invasion/metastasis
- Metastases share name of the primary tumor
- Spread to vital organs (liver, brain) - life threatening
NUCLEUS - ANSWERS-control center; controls genetic info
Mitochondria- powerhouse; converts sugar to energy via cellular
respiration.
Ribosomes - ANSWERS-site of protein synthesis
,Golgi apparatus - ANSWERS-packaging center of cell packages and
secretes proteins
Centrioles - ANSWERS-organizes microtubules (spindle fibers) for mitosis
Chromosomes - ANSWERS-condensed DNA and proteins, codes for
genetic traits
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWERS-Transports intracellular materials
Interphase - ANSWERS-90% growth, DNA replication, cell function
G-0 - ANSWERS-resting stage. Cell leaves to carry out function
G1 - ANSWERS-- growth and prep of chromosomes for replication
S phase - ANSWERS-DNA replication occurs
G2 - ANSWERS-prepare for mitosis
M Phase - ANSWERS-mitosis occurs 10%
Prophase - ANSWERS-chromosomes condensing; nucleus present
Metaphase - ANSWERS-chromosomes line up in middle of cell nucleus
disassembled
Anaphase - ANSWERS-chromosomes move away ot opposite sides via
spindles
Telophase - ANSWERS-new nuclei forms on both sides to form new cells.
Cytokinesis - ANSWERS-splits cells into 2
Cell cycle quality control: - ANSWERS-• Checkpoints in Gl & G2
,• Apoptosis: self destruction of cell Mitosis checkpoints: detect failure of
spindle fibers & arrest cell in metaphase.
• Gene mutations checkpoint failure = cancer
Gene mutations - ANSWERS-1. Tumor suppressor gene mutations
2. Proto-oncogene mutations
Tumor suppressor gene mutations - ANSWERS-Cancer cells avoid
apoptosis and keep growing and dividing, resulting in a tumor. This is a
recessive mutation so both alleles in the gene need to be mutated to cause
the cancer
"brakes of a car"
Proto-oncogene mutations - ANSWERS-dominant genes, only one allele
needs to be stated to cause cancer.- proto-onco gene mutates into an
oncogene, a cell will keep diving even when there are no messages to
divide.
"gas of a car"
Abnormal cell growth - ANSWERS-Tumor/neoplasm formation
→apoptosis fails - ANSWERS-Invasion & Metastasis
Invasion - ANSWERS-direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into
neighboring tissues
Metastasis - ANSWERS-ability of cancer cels to penetrate into lymphatic
and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade
normal tissues elsewhere in the body.
Establishment and growth - ANSWERS-tumor cells establish and grow in
secondary site: lymp nodes or in organs from venous curculation.
CARCINOGENESIS STAGES - ANSWERS-INITIATION
PROMOTION
SPREAD/PROGRESSION
, INITIATION - ANSWERS-Carcinogens cause mutations in the cellular
DNA
● spontaneous
● Carcinogens: chemicals, physical factors, biologic agents
PROMOTION - ANSWERS-allow a cell that has undergone initiation to
become cancerous. (Doesn't affect cells that haven't undergone initiation).
Leads to the formation of pre-neoplastic or benign lesion. ● Drugs ● Sex
hormones
SPREAD/PROGRESSION - ANSWERS-: cancer grows into surrounding
tissue or organs (stimulate angiogenesis) , nearby or distant. Spread via
lymphatic system or blood stream.
Proliferation - ANSWERS-rapid reproduction by cell division: hyperplasia,
dysplasia, and metaplasia, neoplasia
Metastasis - ANSWERS-spread or transfer of cancer cells
ETIOLOGY, what are the etiological factors - ANSWERS-● Viruses and
bacteria
● Physical agents
● Chemicals
● Genetics
● Lifestyle
VIRUSES - ANSWERS-● Human papilloma virus (HPV)
● Cervical, head, and neck cancers
● Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
● Liver cancer
● Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
● Burkitt lymphoma, & nasopharyngeal cancer
BACTERIA - ANSWERS-Chronic inflammatory reactions to bacteria &
production of carcinogenic metabolites ● H. Pylori — gastric cancer
PHYSICAL AGENTS - ANSWERS-Exposure to sunlight
Radiation
