NUR 8022 EXAM SCRIPT 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Functions of the pineal gland? - ✔✔the key player in several biological rhythms,
secretes melatonin.
✔✔What does the thymus do? - ✔✔produces thymosin that stimulates T cells,
maturation of the immune system
✔✔What secreted the thyroid hormones? - ✔✔Follicle Cells
✔✔What secretes calcitonin? - ✔✔parafollicular cells
✔✔What does calcitonin do? - ✔✔lowers serum calcium by inhibition of bone resorbing
osteoclasts
✔✔Thyroid hormones.. - ✔✔TRH (hypothalmus) stimulates the release of TSH from
anterior pituitary
✔✔What does TSH do? - ✔✔- increases release of stored thyroid hormones
- iodide uptake and oxidation
- thyroid hormone synthesis
- prostaglandin release
✔✔What is T4? - ✔✔thyroid hormone - thyroxine = T4
✔✔What is T3? - ✔✔regulates metabolic rate of all cells
✔✔When is TSH released and from where? - ✔✔When thyroxine levels are low it is
released from the anterior pituitary
✔✔Parathyroid hormone - ✔✔- behind thyroid
- increases serum calcium
- decreases serum phosphate
- co-factor of Vit. D to increase calcium absorption
- antagonist of calcitonin
✔✔Islets of Langerhans - ✔✔- in the pancreas
- secretion of glucagon and insulin
✔✔Alpha - ✔✔secrete glucagon
✔✔beta - ✔✔secretes insulin and amylin
, ✔✔delta - ✔✔secretes somatostatin and gastrin
✔✔F cells - ✔✔secrete pancreatic polypeptide
✔✔What happens to the pancreatic cells with parasympathetic stimulation?
Sympathetic stimulation? - ✔✔- release of insulin
- release of glucagon
✔✔What promotes secretion of insulin? - ✔✔- high BG
- increased amino acids
- parasympathetic stimuliation of beta cells
✔✔Amylin - ✔✔anti-hyperglycemic effect
tells you you are full
✔✔Glucagon - ✔✔antagonist to insulin
✔✔Somatostatin - ✔✔carb, fat, protein metabolism
✔✔3 layers of the adrenal cortex - ✔✔zona glomerulosa (outer) - aldosterone
zona fasciculata (middle) - cortisol, cortisone
zona reticularis (inner) - mineralcorticoids, adrenal androgens, estrogen, glucocoritcoids
✔✔What are chromaffin cells? - ✔✔cells of the adrenal medulla that secrete
catelcholimines epinephrine/adrenaline/norepi
Fight or flight
✔✔SIADH - ✔✔Too much ADH
✔✔diabetes inspidus (DI) - ✔✔Too little ADH
low urine specific gravity, high NA, lots of dilute urine
✔✔Types of DI - ✔✔Neurogenic - insufficient ADH
Nephorogenic - insensitive renal collecting tubules
Psychogenic - excessive fluid intake
✔✔Hypopituitarism patho - ✔✔Disruption of blood flow cause infarcation. Necrosis
leads to edema furthering disruption of blood flow, pituitary shrinks, symptoms develop.
✔✔hyperpituitarism - ✔✔Most commonly causes by slow growin pituitary adenoma.
Headache, visual changes, CN palsies
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Functions of the pineal gland? - ✔✔the key player in several biological rhythms,
secretes melatonin.
✔✔What does the thymus do? - ✔✔produces thymosin that stimulates T cells,
maturation of the immune system
✔✔What secreted the thyroid hormones? - ✔✔Follicle Cells
✔✔What secretes calcitonin? - ✔✔parafollicular cells
✔✔What does calcitonin do? - ✔✔lowers serum calcium by inhibition of bone resorbing
osteoclasts
✔✔Thyroid hormones.. - ✔✔TRH (hypothalmus) stimulates the release of TSH from
anterior pituitary
✔✔What does TSH do? - ✔✔- increases release of stored thyroid hormones
- iodide uptake and oxidation
- thyroid hormone synthesis
- prostaglandin release
✔✔What is T4? - ✔✔thyroid hormone - thyroxine = T4
✔✔What is T3? - ✔✔regulates metabolic rate of all cells
✔✔When is TSH released and from where? - ✔✔When thyroxine levels are low it is
released from the anterior pituitary
✔✔Parathyroid hormone - ✔✔- behind thyroid
- increases serum calcium
- decreases serum phosphate
- co-factor of Vit. D to increase calcium absorption
- antagonist of calcitonin
✔✔Islets of Langerhans - ✔✔- in the pancreas
- secretion of glucagon and insulin
✔✔Alpha - ✔✔secrete glucagon
✔✔beta - ✔✔secretes insulin and amylin
, ✔✔delta - ✔✔secretes somatostatin and gastrin
✔✔F cells - ✔✔secrete pancreatic polypeptide
✔✔What happens to the pancreatic cells with parasympathetic stimulation?
Sympathetic stimulation? - ✔✔- release of insulin
- release of glucagon
✔✔What promotes secretion of insulin? - ✔✔- high BG
- increased amino acids
- parasympathetic stimuliation of beta cells
✔✔Amylin - ✔✔anti-hyperglycemic effect
tells you you are full
✔✔Glucagon - ✔✔antagonist to insulin
✔✔Somatostatin - ✔✔carb, fat, protein metabolism
✔✔3 layers of the adrenal cortex - ✔✔zona glomerulosa (outer) - aldosterone
zona fasciculata (middle) - cortisol, cortisone
zona reticularis (inner) - mineralcorticoids, adrenal androgens, estrogen, glucocoritcoids
✔✔What are chromaffin cells? - ✔✔cells of the adrenal medulla that secrete
catelcholimines epinephrine/adrenaline/norepi
Fight or flight
✔✔SIADH - ✔✔Too much ADH
✔✔diabetes inspidus (DI) - ✔✔Too little ADH
low urine specific gravity, high NA, lots of dilute urine
✔✔Types of DI - ✔✔Neurogenic - insufficient ADH
Nephorogenic - insensitive renal collecting tubules
Psychogenic - excessive fluid intake
✔✔Hypopituitarism patho - ✔✔Disruption of blood flow cause infarcation. Necrosis
leads to edema furthering disruption of blood flow, pituitary shrinks, symptoms develop.
✔✔hyperpituitarism - ✔✔Most commonly causes by slow growin pituitary adenoma.
Headache, visual changes, CN palsies
