NUR 2063 Essential of Pathophysiology
Questions with Answers 2025
ModuleA4,AEXAMA1AStudyAGuideAChapters:A1,2,3,12,13,14
SymptomsA-AcorrectAanswers-
SubjectiveAcharacteristicsAofAdiseaseAfeltAonlyAbyAtheApatient
signA-AcorrectAanswers-
IfAtheAdoctor,Anurse,AorAanyoneAnoticeAevidenceAofAdiseaseAsuchAasAaAfever
HomeostasisA-AcorrectAanswers-
AAtendencyAtoAmaintainAaAbalancedAorAconstantAinternalAstate;AtheAregulationAofAanyAaspe
ctAofAbodyAchemistry,AsuchAasAbloodAglucose,AaroundAaAparticularAlevel
EpinephrineAisAreleasedAduringAaAstressAresponseATrueAorAFalseA-AcorrectAanswers-
True;AAkaAAdrenaline
functionAofAmitochondriaA-AcorrectAanswers-
powerhouseAofAtheAcell,AATPAproduction,AandAProductionAofAtheAcellAenergy.
TheAeffectiveAofAtheARAASAsystemA-A
renin-angiotensin-aldosteroneAsystemA-AcorrectAanswers-isAessentialAforAlong-
termAbloodApressureAregulation.AItAinvolvesAaAcomplexAsystemAofAhormones,AproteinsAand
Aenzymes.
vasodilationA-AcorrectAanswers-
AAwideningAandAincreaseAofAtheAdiameterAofAaAbloodAvessel.
vasoconstrictionA-AcorrectAanswers-
ReducesAbloodAflowAandAheatAtransferAbyAdecreasingAtheAdiameterAofAsuperficialAbloodAve
ssels.
HyperplasiaA-AcorrectAanswers-
theAenlargementAofAanAorganAorAtissueAbecauseAofAanAabnormalAincreaseAinAtheAnumberAo
fAcellsAinAtheAtissues.
ApplyAtheAconceptAofAhomeostasisA-AcorrectAanswers-
1.StimulusAproduceAchangeAinAvariableA(bodyAtemperatureAfalls),A2.ReceptorAdetectAchan
geA(detectedAbyAthermoreceptorsAinAskin),A3.InformationAsentAalongAAfferentApathwayAtoAc
ontrolAcenter,A4.AControlAcentreAprocessAmessageA(inAtheAthermoregulatoryAcentreAinAbrai
n).
EndoplasmicAReticulumA-AcorrectAanswers-
anAinternalAmembraneAsystemAinAwhichAcomponentsAofAcellAmembraneAandAsomeAprotein
sAareAconstructed.A(SmoothA&ARoughAER)
FunctionAofAhormoneAreninA-AcorrectAanswers-
ReninAisAanAenzymeAthatAhelpsAcontrolAyourAbloodApressureAandAmaintainAhealthyAlevelsAo
fAsodiumAandApotassiumAinAyourAbody.A(WhenAbloodAvolumeAorAsodiumAlevelsAinAtheAbodyA
areAlow,AorAbloodApotassiumAisAhigh,AcellsAinAtheAkidneyAreleaseAtheAenzyme,Arenin.ARenin
AconvertsAangiotensinogen,AwhichAisAproducedAinAtheAliver,AtoAtheAhormoneAangiotensinAI.)
HydrostaticApressureAcapillariesA-AcorrectAanswers-
TheApressureAthatAbloodAexertsAinAtheAcapillariesAisAknownAasAbloodApressure.ATheAforceA
, ofAhydrostaticApressureAmeansAthatAasAbloodAmovesAalongAtheAcapillary,AfluidAmovesAoutAt
hroughAitsAporesAandAintoAtheAinterstitialAspace.
IncreasedAhydrostaticAcapillaryAactionAcausesAedemaA(T/F)A-AcorrectAanswers-
(True)AEdema-AIsAswellingAorAexcessiveAfluid.
includeAhighAvenousApressureA(e.g.,AheartAfailure,AvenousAblockage)AorAexcessiveAfluidAan
dAsodiumAretentionA(e.g,AacuteArenalAfailure).
WhatAbodyAfunctionsAcauseAfluidAvolumeAdeficits?A-AcorrectAanswers-
BloodAlossAfromAcuts/woundsAThroughAtheAgastrointestinalAsystem:AvomitingAandAdiarrhe
aAAbnormallyAexcessiveAurinationA(polyuria);AcanAbeAcausedAbyAexcessiveAintakeAofAdiuret
icAsubstancesAorAmedicationsAorAfromArenalAdisorder.
TetanyA-AcorrectAanswers-
aAsymptomAcharacterizedAbyAtheAinvoluntaryAcontractionAofAmusclesAthatAleadsAtoApainfulA
muscleAcramps,AspasmsAofAtheAvoiceAboxA(i.e.,Alarynx),AandAsensoryAdisturbances.
WhatAelectrolyteAisAassociatedAwithAmuscularAtetany?A-AcorrectAanswers-HypocalcemiaA-
AakaALOW AcalciumA
tetanyA(muscleAtwitching/spasms)
SymptomsAofAdehydrationA-AcorrectAanswers-
thirst,Aheadache,Afatigue,AlossAofAappetite,AdryAeyes,AdryAmouth,Adark-coloredAurine
OsmosisA-AcorrectAanswers-
DiffusionAofAwaterAthroughAaAselectivelyApermeableAmembrane.
ClinicalAmanifestationsAofAfluidAexcessA-AcorrectAanswers-
peripheralAedema,AperiorbitalAedema,Aanasarca,AcerebralAedema,Adyspnea,AboundingApul
se,Atachycardia,AjugularAveinAdistension,Ahypertension,Apolyuria,ArapidAweightAgain,Acrackl
es,AandAbulgingAfontanelles.
2AElectrolytesAthatAcontainsAhigherAlevelsAofAextracellularAfluid?A-AcorrectAanswers-
(SodiumAandAChloride.)AinAbiology,AbodyAfluidAthatAisAnotAcontainedAinAcells.AItAisAfoundAinAb
lood,AinAlymph,AinAbodyAcavitiesAlinedAwithAserousA(moisture-
exuding)Amembrane,AinAtheAcavitiesAandAchannelsAofAtheAbrainAandAspinalAcord,AandAinAm
uscularAandAotherAbodyAtissues.
IntracellularAfluidAcontainsAhigherAlevelsAofAwhichAelectrolyte?A-AcorrectAanswers-
(Potassium)ATheAfluidAisAoftenAsecretedAbyAcellsAtoAprovideAaAconstantAenvironmentAforAce
llularAoperations.
FluidAlossAfromAtheAbodyAoccursAinAwhichAways?A-AcorrectAanswers-
GastrointestinalAlossesA(vomiting,Adiarrhea,AandAnasogastricAsuctioning)
ExcessiveAdiaphoresisA(sweating)
Hemorrhage
DiabetesAmellitusA(whichAcausesArenalAglucoseAexcretionAand,AinAturn,AresultsAinAwaterAlos
ses)
DiabetesAinsipidusA(anAinabilityAtoAconcentrateAurine,AleadingAtoAexcessiveAwaterAloss).
HyponatremiaAcanAresultAinAwhatAfatalAaction?A-AcorrectAanswers-
HyponatremiaAoccursAwhenAtheAconcentrationAofAsodiumAinAyourAbloodAisAabnormallyAlow.
ASodiumAisAanAelectrolyte,AandAitAhelpsAregulateAtheAamountAofAwaterAthat'sAinAandAaroundA
yourAcells.AInAhyponatremia,AoneAorAmoreAfactorsA—
ArangingAfromAanAunderlyingAmedicalAconditionAtoAdrinkingAtooAmuchAwaterA—
AcauseAtheAsodiumAinAyourAbodyAtoAbecomeAdiluted.AWhenAthisAhappens,AyourAbody'sAwat
Questions with Answers 2025
ModuleA4,AEXAMA1AStudyAGuideAChapters:A1,2,3,12,13,14
SymptomsA-AcorrectAanswers-
SubjectiveAcharacteristicsAofAdiseaseAfeltAonlyAbyAtheApatient
signA-AcorrectAanswers-
IfAtheAdoctor,Anurse,AorAanyoneAnoticeAevidenceAofAdiseaseAsuchAasAaAfever
HomeostasisA-AcorrectAanswers-
AAtendencyAtoAmaintainAaAbalancedAorAconstantAinternalAstate;AtheAregulationAofAanyAaspe
ctAofAbodyAchemistry,AsuchAasAbloodAglucose,AaroundAaAparticularAlevel
EpinephrineAisAreleasedAduringAaAstressAresponseATrueAorAFalseA-AcorrectAanswers-
True;AAkaAAdrenaline
functionAofAmitochondriaA-AcorrectAanswers-
powerhouseAofAtheAcell,AATPAproduction,AandAProductionAofAtheAcellAenergy.
TheAeffectiveAofAtheARAASAsystemA-A
renin-angiotensin-aldosteroneAsystemA-AcorrectAanswers-isAessentialAforAlong-
termAbloodApressureAregulation.AItAinvolvesAaAcomplexAsystemAofAhormones,AproteinsAand
Aenzymes.
vasodilationA-AcorrectAanswers-
AAwideningAandAincreaseAofAtheAdiameterAofAaAbloodAvessel.
vasoconstrictionA-AcorrectAanswers-
ReducesAbloodAflowAandAheatAtransferAbyAdecreasingAtheAdiameterAofAsuperficialAbloodAve
ssels.
HyperplasiaA-AcorrectAanswers-
theAenlargementAofAanAorganAorAtissueAbecauseAofAanAabnormalAincreaseAinAtheAnumberAo
fAcellsAinAtheAtissues.
ApplyAtheAconceptAofAhomeostasisA-AcorrectAanswers-
1.StimulusAproduceAchangeAinAvariableA(bodyAtemperatureAfalls),A2.ReceptorAdetectAchan
geA(detectedAbyAthermoreceptorsAinAskin),A3.InformationAsentAalongAAfferentApathwayAtoAc
ontrolAcenter,A4.AControlAcentreAprocessAmessageA(inAtheAthermoregulatoryAcentreAinAbrai
n).
EndoplasmicAReticulumA-AcorrectAanswers-
anAinternalAmembraneAsystemAinAwhichAcomponentsAofAcellAmembraneAandAsomeAprotein
sAareAconstructed.A(SmoothA&ARoughAER)
FunctionAofAhormoneAreninA-AcorrectAanswers-
ReninAisAanAenzymeAthatAhelpsAcontrolAyourAbloodApressureAandAmaintainAhealthyAlevelsAo
fAsodiumAandApotassiumAinAyourAbody.A(WhenAbloodAvolumeAorAsodiumAlevelsAinAtheAbodyA
areAlow,AorAbloodApotassiumAisAhigh,AcellsAinAtheAkidneyAreleaseAtheAenzyme,Arenin.ARenin
AconvertsAangiotensinogen,AwhichAisAproducedAinAtheAliver,AtoAtheAhormoneAangiotensinAI.)
HydrostaticApressureAcapillariesA-AcorrectAanswers-
TheApressureAthatAbloodAexertsAinAtheAcapillariesAisAknownAasAbloodApressure.ATheAforceA
, ofAhydrostaticApressureAmeansAthatAasAbloodAmovesAalongAtheAcapillary,AfluidAmovesAoutAt
hroughAitsAporesAandAintoAtheAinterstitialAspace.
IncreasedAhydrostaticAcapillaryAactionAcausesAedemaA(T/F)A-AcorrectAanswers-
(True)AEdema-AIsAswellingAorAexcessiveAfluid.
includeAhighAvenousApressureA(e.g.,AheartAfailure,AvenousAblockage)AorAexcessiveAfluidAan
dAsodiumAretentionA(e.g,AacuteArenalAfailure).
WhatAbodyAfunctionsAcauseAfluidAvolumeAdeficits?A-AcorrectAanswers-
BloodAlossAfromAcuts/woundsAThroughAtheAgastrointestinalAsystem:AvomitingAandAdiarrhe
aAAbnormallyAexcessiveAurinationA(polyuria);AcanAbeAcausedAbyAexcessiveAintakeAofAdiuret
icAsubstancesAorAmedicationsAorAfromArenalAdisorder.
TetanyA-AcorrectAanswers-
aAsymptomAcharacterizedAbyAtheAinvoluntaryAcontractionAofAmusclesAthatAleadsAtoApainfulA
muscleAcramps,AspasmsAofAtheAvoiceAboxA(i.e.,Alarynx),AandAsensoryAdisturbances.
WhatAelectrolyteAisAassociatedAwithAmuscularAtetany?A-AcorrectAanswers-HypocalcemiaA-
AakaALOW AcalciumA
tetanyA(muscleAtwitching/spasms)
SymptomsAofAdehydrationA-AcorrectAanswers-
thirst,Aheadache,Afatigue,AlossAofAappetite,AdryAeyes,AdryAmouth,Adark-coloredAurine
OsmosisA-AcorrectAanswers-
DiffusionAofAwaterAthroughAaAselectivelyApermeableAmembrane.
ClinicalAmanifestationsAofAfluidAexcessA-AcorrectAanswers-
peripheralAedema,AperiorbitalAedema,Aanasarca,AcerebralAedema,Adyspnea,AboundingApul
se,Atachycardia,AjugularAveinAdistension,Ahypertension,Apolyuria,ArapidAweightAgain,Acrackl
es,AandAbulgingAfontanelles.
2AElectrolytesAthatAcontainsAhigherAlevelsAofAextracellularAfluid?A-AcorrectAanswers-
(SodiumAandAChloride.)AinAbiology,AbodyAfluidAthatAisAnotAcontainedAinAcells.AItAisAfoundAinAb
lood,AinAlymph,AinAbodyAcavitiesAlinedAwithAserousA(moisture-
exuding)Amembrane,AinAtheAcavitiesAandAchannelsAofAtheAbrainAandAspinalAcord,AandAinAm
uscularAandAotherAbodyAtissues.
IntracellularAfluidAcontainsAhigherAlevelsAofAwhichAelectrolyte?A-AcorrectAanswers-
(Potassium)ATheAfluidAisAoftenAsecretedAbyAcellsAtoAprovideAaAconstantAenvironmentAforAce
llularAoperations.
FluidAlossAfromAtheAbodyAoccursAinAwhichAways?A-AcorrectAanswers-
GastrointestinalAlossesA(vomiting,Adiarrhea,AandAnasogastricAsuctioning)
ExcessiveAdiaphoresisA(sweating)
Hemorrhage
DiabetesAmellitusA(whichAcausesArenalAglucoseAexcretionAand,AinAturn,AresultsAinAwaterAlos
ses)
DiabetesAinsipidusA(anAinabilityAtoAconcentrateAurine,AleadingAtoAexcessiveAwaterAloss).
HyponatremiaAcanAresultAinAwhatAfatalAaction?A-AcorrectAanswers-
HyponatremiaAoccursAwhenAtheAconcentrationAofAsodiumAinAyourAbloodAisAabnormallyAlow.
ASodiumAisAanAelectrolyte,AandAitAhelpsAregulateAtheAamountAofAwaterAthat'sAinAandAaroundA
yourAcells.AInAhyponatremia,AoneAorAmoreAfactorsA—
ArangingAfromAanAunderlyingAmedicalAconditionAtoAdrinkingAtooAmuchAwaterA—
AcauseAtheAsodiumAinAyourAbodyAtoAbecomeAdiluted.AWhenAthisAhappens,AyourAbody'sAwat
