NUR 2063 - Exam 2 Questions with
Answers 2025
Whatacausesarigidaabdomenainaperitonitis?A-acorrectaanswers-
developsabecauseaofaaareflexiveaabdominalamuscleaspasmathataoccurs.ainflamedatissueacr
eatesaabdominalatendernessaandapainathataworsenawithamovement
Whatadisorderaresultsainamechanicalabowelaobstruction?A-acorrectaanswers-
intestinalaobstruction
Theacauseaofahiatalaherniaa-acorrectaanswers-
occursawhenaaasectionaofatheastomachaprotrudesaupwardathroughaanaopeninga(hiatus)ainath
eadiaphragmatowardatheathoracicacavity.atheahiatusadevelopsafromaweakeningaofatheadiaphr
agmamuscle,afrequentlyaresultingafromaincreasedaintrathoracicapressurea(e.g.,Acoughing,Av
omiting,aorastrainingatoadefecate)aoraincreasedaintra-
abdominalapressurea(e.g.,apregnancyaandaobesity).aotheracausesaofaaahiatusaincludeatraum
aaandacongenitaladefects.
Causeaofadiarrheaawithaantibioticaingestiona-acorrectaanswers-
antibioticsadestroyasomeaofatheseabacteria,awhichaallowaotheratypesatoagrowatooamuch.ainas
omeacases,aantibioticsacanaallowaaatypeaofabacteriaacalledaclostridioidesadifficileatoagrowato
oamuch.athisacanaleadatoasevere,Awatery,aandaoftenabloodyadiarrheaacalledapseudomembra
nousacolitis
Causativeaofapepticaulceradiseasea-acorrectaanswers-
developsabecauseaofaanaimbalanceabetweenadestructiveaforcesa(e.g.,aexcessaacidaproducti
on)aandaprotectiveamechanismsa(e.g.,adecreasedamucusaproduction)ainducedabyaaasecond
aryaprocessaratherathanaanainnateadefect.atheamostacommonacausesaofapepticaulcersaareainf
ectionawithatheabacteriumahelicobacterapyloria(H.Apylori)aandalong-
termauseaofanonsteroidalaanti-
inflammatoryadrugsa(nsaids)asuchaasaibuprofena(Advil,amotrinaib,Aothers)aandanaproxenaso
diuma(Aleve)
Causeaofachronicapancreatitisa-acorrectaanswers-Alcoholism
Defineaintussusceptiona-acorrectaanswers-
telescopingaofaaaportionaofatheaintestineaintoaanotheraportion
Causeaofaheartburna-acorrectaanswers-
occursawhenathealoweraesophagealasphincterarelaxes,aallowingatheaacidicacontentsaofatheas
tomachatoarefluxaintoatheaesophagus.atheamostacommonacauseaisafoodathat'saacidicaorahigha
inafat—
likeacitrusafruits,Atomatoes,Aonions,Achocolate,Acoffee,Acheese,aandapeppermint.aspicyafood
saoralargeamealsacanaalsoabeathearootaofadistress.aotherasourcesaofaheartburnaincludeaaspiri
naoraibuprofen,aasawellaasasomeasedativesaandabloodapressureamedications.
Fecalaimpaction/mechanicalabowelaobstructiona-acorrectaanswers-
colonanarrowedabyascaratissue,adiverticulumafilledawithafeces,ainflammation,atelescopingaofa
ileumainsideaadjacentasectionaofacolon,abloodavesselsadrawnainabetweenalayersaandacompr
essed,aandaileumaappendix
Causeaofaacuteapancreatitisa-acorrectaanswers-Cholelithiasis
, Hepatitisaa-EA-acorrectaanswers-seeanotes
Cleftalipaandapalatea-acorrectaanswers-
cleftalipaandapalateaareabirthadefectsathataoccurawhenasoftatissuesaofathealipaoramouthadoanota
formaproperly.acleftalipaandapalateamayaoccuraeitheratogetheraoraseparately.atheseacondition
sausuallyadevelopainatheasecondamonthaofapregnancy,awhenatheafetus'safacialastructuresaar
eaforming.aeveryayearainatheaunitedastates,aapproximatelya2,650ababiesaareabornawithaclefta
palateaandaapproximatelya4,440ababiesaareabornawithaaacleftalipawithaorawithoutaaacleftapalat
e.amaternalasmoking,apreexistingadiabetes,aandaseizureamedicationausea(especiallyainatheaf
irstatrimester)aareasignificantariskafactors.aadditionally,atheseadefectsaareamoreaprevalentaina
nativeaamericansaandaasianaamericans,awithaafricanaamericansahavingathealowestaprevale
nce.
Theadeformitiesawithacleftalipaandapalateamayabeaunilateralaorabilateral.atheaseverityaofathead
eformityarangesafromaaamildanotchatoainvolvementaofathealip,Apalate,aandatonguea(FIGUREA
1-
33).afeedingaandanutritionalaissuesamayaoccurabecauseaofatheseastructuralaproblems,awhic
haaffectatheaabilityatoanurseaandaeat.
Clinicalamanifestationsaofaappendicitisa-acorrectaanswers-
theafirstasymptomaisaoftenapainanearatheaumbilicus.aasaswellingaincreases,atheapainatendsato
amoveatoathealowerarightaquadrantaofatheaabdomena(mcburneyapoint).atheapainagraduallyaint
ensifiesaoveraapproximatelya12-
24Ahours.aitaisaoftenaaggravatedabyamovement,asoapatientsatendatoaguardatheiraabdomen.ad
ueatoanormalaanatomicavariations,athisapainamayaoccuraanywhereainatheaabdomen.atheapain
awillatemporarilyasubsideaifatheaappendixarupturesabutathenawillareturnaandaescalateaasaperit
onitisadevelops.aanorexia,Anausea,Avomiting,aabdominaladistention,aandabowelapatternacha
ngesacanaalsoabeaassociatedawithaappendicitis.aotheramanifestationsareflectatheainflammati
onaandainfectiousaprocessa(e.g.,Afever,Achills,aandaleukocytosis).aadditionally,atheapatientas
houldabeamonitoredaforasignsaandasymptomsaofaperitonitisa(e.g.,aabdominalarigidity,Atachyc
ardia,aandahypotension)
Complicationsaandaclinicalamanifestationsaofagerda-acorrectaanswers-
clinicalamanifestationsaincludeaheartburna(early),aepigastricapaina(usuallyaafteraaamealaoraw
henarecombinant),Adysphagia,Aodynophagia,anauseaa(usuallyaafteraeating),adryacough,Alar
yngitis,Apharyngitis,aregurgitationaofafood,aandasensationaofaaalumpainatheathroat.agerdacanar
esultainaesophagitis,Astrictures,Aulcerations,aesophagealahemorrhage,abarrettaesophagusa(
precancerousachanges),aesophagealacancera(usuallyaadenocarcinoma),aandachronicapulm
onaryadiseasea(e.g.,Aasthma
Consequencesaofagastroenteritisa-acorrectaanswers-
refersatoainflammationaofatheastomachaandaintestinesausuallyaresultingafromaanainfectionaora
allergicareaction.
Clinicalamanifestationsaofabileaductaobstructiona-acorrectaanswers-
abdominalapainainatheaupperarightaside.
Darkaurine.
Fever.
Itching.
Jaundicea(yellowaskinacolor)
Nauseaaandavomiting.
Pale-coloredastools
Answers 2025
Whatacausesarigidaabdomenainaperitonitis?A-acorrectaanswers-
developsabecauseaofaaareflexiveaabdominalamuscleaspasmathataoccurs.ainflamedatissueacr
eatesaabdominalatendernessaandapainathataworsenawithamovement
Whatadisorderaresultsainamechanicalabowelaobstruction?A-acorrectaanswers-
intestinalaobstruction
Theacauseaofahiatalaherniaa-acorrectaanswers-
occursawhenaaasectionaofatheastomachaprotrudesaupwardathroughaanaopeninga(hiatus)ainath
eadiaphragmatowardatheathoracicacavity.atheahiatusadevelopsafromaweakeningaofatheadiaphr
agmamuscle,afrequentlyaresultingafromaincreasedaintrathoracicapressurea(e.g.,Acoughing,Av
omiting,aorastrainingatoadefecate)aoraincreasedaintra-
abdominalapressurea(e.g.,apregnancyaandaobesity).aotheracausesaofaaahiatusaincludeatraum
aaandacongenitaladefects.
Causeaofadiarrheaawithaantibioticaingestiona-acorrectaanswers-
antibioticsadestroyasomeaofatheseabacteria,awhichaallowaotheratypesatoagrowatooamuch.ainas
omeacases,aantibioticsacanaallowaaatypeaofabacteriaacalledaclostridioidesadifficileatoagrowato
oamuch.athisacanaleadatoasevere,Awatery,aandaoftenabloodyadiarrheaacalledapseudomembra
nousacolitis
Causativeaofapepticaulceradiseasea-acorrectaanswers-
developsabecauseaofaanaimbalanceabetweenadestructiveaforcesa(e.g.,aexcessaacidaproducti
on)aandaprotectiveamechanismsa(e.g.,adecreasedamucusaproduction)ainducedabyaaasecond
aryaprocessaratherathanaanainnateadefect.atheamostacommonacausesaofapepticaulcersaareainf
ectionawithatheabacteriumahelicobacterapyloria(H.Apylori)aandalong-
termauseaofanonsteroidalaanti-
inflammatoryadrugsa(nsaids)asuchaasaibuprofena(Advil,amotrinaib,Aothers)aandanaproxenaso
diuma(Aleve)
Causeaofachronicapancreatitisa-acorrectaanswers-Alcoholism
Defineaintussusceptiona-acorrectaanswers-
telescopingaofaaaportionaofatheaintestineaintoaanotheraportion
Causeaofaheartburna-acorrectaanswers-
occursawhenathealoweraesophagealasphincterarelaxes,aallowingatheaacidicacontentsaofatheas
tomachatoarefluxaintoatheaesophagus.atheamostacommonacauseaisafoodathat'saacidicaorahigha
inafat—
likeacitrusafruits,Atomatoes,Aonions,Achocolate,Acoffee,Acheese,aandapeppermint.aspicyafood
saoralargeamealsacanaalsoabeathearootaofadistress.aotherasourcesaofaheartburnaincludeaaspiri
naoraibuprofen,aasawellaasasomeasedativesaandabloodapressureamedications.
Fecalaimpaction/mechanicalabowelaobstructiona-acorrectaanswers-
colonanarrowedabyascaratissue,adiverticulumafilledawithafeces,ainflammation,atelescopingaofa
ileumainsideaadjacentasectionaofacolon,abloodavesselsadrawnainabetweenalayersaandacompr
essed,aandaileumaappendix
Causeaofaacuteapancreatitisa-acorrectaanswers-Cholelithiasis
, Hepatitisaa-EA-acorrectaanswers-seeanotes
Cleftalipaandapalatea-acorrectaanswers-
cleftalipaandapalateaareabirthadefectsathataoccurawhenasoftatissuesaofathealipaoramouthadoanota
formaproperly.acleftalipaandapalateamayaoccuraeitheratogetheraoraseparately.atheseacondition
sausuallyadevelopainatheasecondamonthaofapregnancy,awhenatheafetus'safacialastructuresaar
eaforming.aeveryayearainatheaunitedastates,aapproximatelya2,650ababiesaareabornawithaclefta
palateaandaapproximatelya4,440ababiesaareabornawithaaacleftalipawithaorawithoutaaacleftapalat
e.amaternalasmoking,apreexistingadiabetes,aandaseizureamedicationausea(especiallyainatheaf
irstatrimester)aareasignificantariskafactors.aadditionally,atheseadefectsaareamoreaprevalentaina
nativeaamericansaandaasianaamericans,awithaafricanaamericansahavingathealowestaprevale
nce.
Theadeformitiesawithacleftalipaandapalateamayabeaunilateralaorabilateral.atheaseverityaofathead
eformityarangesafromaaamildanotchatoainvolvementaofathealip,Apalate,aandatonguea(FIGUREA
1-
33).afeedingaandanutritionalaissuesamayaoccurabecauseaofatheseastructuralaproblems,awhic
haaffectatheaabilityatoanurseaandaeat.
Clinicalamanifestationsaofaappendicitisa-acorrectaanswers-
theafirstasymptomaisaoftenapainanearatheaumbilicus.aasaswellingaincreases,atheapainatendsato
amoveatoathealowerarightaquadrantaofatheaabdomena(mcburneyapoint).atheapainagraduallyaint
ensifiesaoveraapproximatelya12-
24Ahours.aitaisaoftenaaggravatedabyamovement,asoapatientsatendatoaguardatheiraabdomen.ad
ueatoanormalaanatomicavariations,athisapainamayaoccuraanywhereainatheaabdomen.atheapain
awillatemporarilyasubsideaifatheaappendixarupturesabutathenawillareturnaandaescalateaasaperit
onitisadevelops.aanorexia,Anausea,Avomiting,aabdominaladistention,aandabowelapatternacha
ngesacanaalsoabeaassociatedawithaappendicitis.aotheramanifestationsareflectatheainflammati
onaandainfectiousaprocessa(e.g.,Afever,Achills,aandaleukocytosis).aadditionally,atheapatientas
houldabeamonitoredaforasignsaandasymptomsaofaperitonitisa(e.g.,aabdominalarigidity,Atachyc
ardia,aandahypotension)
Complicationsaandaclinicalamanifestationsaofagerda-acorrectaanswers-
clinicalamanifestationsaincludeaheartburna(early),aepigastricapaina(usuallyaafteraaamealaoraw
henarecombinant),Adysphagia,Aodynophagia,anauseaa(usuallyaafteraeating),adryacough,Alar
yngitis,Apharyngitis,aregurgitationaofafood,aandasensationaofaaalumpainatheathroat.agerdacanar
esultainaesophagitis,Astrictures,Aulcerations,aesophagealahemorrhage,abarrettaesophagusa(
precancerousachanges),aesophagealacancera(usuallyaadenocarcinoma),aandachronicapulm
onaryadiseasea(e.g.,Aasthma
Consequencesaofagastroenteritisa-acorrectaanswers-
refersatoainflammationaofatheastomachaandaintestinesausuallyaresultingafromaanainfectionaora
allergicareaction.
Clinicalamanifestationsaofabileaductaobstructiona-acorrectaanswers-
abdominalapainainatheaupperarightaside.
Darkaurine.
Fever.
Itching.
Jaundicea(yellowaskinacolor)
Nauseaaandavomiting.
Pale-coloredastools
