NEURO EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Functions of the cytoplasm and its structures within? - Answer-maintains metabolic
balance to the cell body;
contains mitochondria and ribosomes
Parts of the cytoplasm that provide energy - Answer-mitochondria and ribosomes
mitochondria - Answer-supplies energy to the body;
powerhouse of the cell
contains ribosomes
ribosomes - Answer-within mitochondria;
one of the only structures that uses RNA for genetic expression;
another organism that uses RNA exclusively is bacteria
Why is it important to know that if the patient is on antibiotics? - Answer-It is
important to know the patient is on antibiotics because they target RNA in ribosomes
as well as bacteria, which are composed of RNA, leading to tired fatigued patients or
chronic fatigue syndrome
Dendrites - Answer-short, more numerous processes attached to the cell body;
info travels distal to proximal towards cell body;
can have many dendrites or one depending on job and type (of what? the neuron?);
few mm in length;
afferent;
remember Dende receives Gohan's thoughts
afferent - Answer-energy toward the cell body;
afferent-at
Axons - Answer-effferent;
long process that doesn't branch until its termination;
arise from the body of the cell at the axon hillock;
ends in a terminal bouton;
deliver impulses to muscles, glands, and other neurons;
variety of sizes and types affecting conduction, ranging from several micrometers to
2 meters depending on how far it must travel through body-think brain to baby toe;
each neuron has one;
thicker ones move faster;
can be myelinated or unmyelinated
The Axons are spreading messages of Cultural Diversity
Efferent - Answer-conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body;
efferent-exit
nerve tracts - Answer-bundles of axons in *CNS*;
,have one very specific function;
neurons connect to other neurons and have high neuronal density and have
unlimited capacity for complex neuronal activity, i.e. produces perceptions and
thoughts, connections for voluntary muscle control
nerves - Answer-bundles of axons in the *PNS*;
have a variety of functions;
deliver impulses to muscles, glands, and other neurons to report pain, for
temperature/touch, muscle tension-relaxation, and limb movement/position
Myelin - Answer-puffy jacket;
lining that is present in both the CNS and PNS;
lipid in nature (oil/fatty);
white shiny lipo protein sheath, insulates the axon;
increases efficiency of nerve impulses, and with the sheaths of this substance, they
can be up to fifty times faster;
white matter of the brain;
gray matter is unmyelinated
Myelin in CNS* - Answer-oligodendrocytes
Myelin in PNS* - Answer-Schwann cells or Neurilemma cells
Nature of Myelin as a lipid substance - Answer-phospholipid bi-layered;
white shiny lipo protein sheath, insulates the axon
Myelin's importance to speech and language - Answer-Once thought that human is
born with all their nerve cells, only the myelin improves (Brain regeneration);
at birth, low myelin;
develops in first two years of life;
parallels babbling (6 months), 1st words and word combinations, suggesting a
relationship between rapid fire of myelinated nerves and speech
growth parallels babbling (starts around 6 months) and speech; relationship between
development of myelin and development of speech;
sheaths important for speech because of rapid transmission;
6 Cranial nerves innervating speech muscles - Answer-these nerves are myelinated;
CN V: Trigeminal for sensation and mastication (Think of Nathan from Misfits);
CN VII: Facial;
CN IX Glossopharyngeal for tongue sensation;
CN X Vagus: trachea, pharynx, larynx;
CN XI: Accessory;
CN XII: Hypoglossal-tongue movement
Brain matter color locations - Answer-gray on the outside, but as you move inside,
you encounter white matter, which indicates myelination
Multiple Sclerosis - Answer-Disease of myelin;
groups of myelin segments degenerate;
autoimmune inflmmation, damages the sheath;
,some segments may regenerate for a while, then degenerate again;
slows down ability to transmit;
one day speech is great, the next day, not so great; particular variety of
motor/general sensory loss reflects the location of the demyelinating process;
half the population with this disorder have dysarthria and dysphagia
classification of neurons - Answer-structure and function are important ways to
categorize this type of cell
Classification of Neurons according to function - Answer-Sensory or afferent:
bringing messages to the CNS;
Motor or efferent: taking messages away from the CNS;
Interneurons: connections between neurons
Classification of Neurons according to structure - Answer-multipolar;
bipolar;
unipolar
Multipolar neurons - Answer-multiple dendrites, one axon
Bipolar neurons - Answer-one dendrite, one axon; think of earth's axis as it passes
through the poles
Wilder G. Penfield - Answer-After WWII, this neurosurgeon engaged in cortical
mapping; during brain surgery, patients would be awake and they'd be electrically
stimulated to see what areas of the brain would respond;
Mnemonic: Wilder G. Penfield mapped the wilderness of the brain with his electrical
pen
In addition to advances in neurological concepts, what else characterized the 60s
and 70s? - Answer-Chomsky's linguistic theory;
split brain studies;
development of Minnesota Test of Differential Diagnosis, the Porch Index, and the
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination-which still exists
split brain studies - Answer-studies that indicated the specific function of each
hemisphere
Which tests were developed in the 1980s? - Answer-During this decade, the
Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) and Communication Activities in Daily Living
(CADL) by Audrey Holland were developed
Tools used in neurodiagnostic studies - Answer-CT scans;
MRI;
diffusion MRI
PET;
EEG
CT Scans - Answer-3D represenation;
used by computers and X-rays;
, can hardly see brain structure though
MRI - Answer-Magnetic Resonance Imaging: uses H20 and magnets to come up
with images through radio waves;
scans H20 in our body;
cross-sectional images;
radio waves, magnetic field;
more sensitive to abnormalities than a CT scan, but more expensive; also dead and
alive MRI look the same, i.e., doesn't show body/brain function;
detects distribution of water molecules in living tissue
Diffusion MRI - Answer-started in the 80s;
non-invasive technique;
study of brain pathways: never before been investigated in vivo;
looks at how H2O molecules move around in the brain
PET scan - Answer-Positron Emission Tomography;
measures metabolic activity: radioactive glucose metabolized by the brain and more
active areas metabolize more glucose;
expensive and only used in major medical facilities for research;
inject patient with glucose and get pictures of brain activity in response to glucose;
could be a good research of higher mental function tasks for language and cognition
EEG - Answer-Electron electroencephalography;
measures electrical neuronal transmissions;
good with epilepsy;
questionable validity and reliability
Central Nervous System-CNS - Answer-Consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord;
Protected by cranial bones and the spine;
includes anything INSIDE the cranial bones and the spinal cord
Neuraxis - Answer-Another term for the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System-PNS - Answer-anything that goes out of the neuraxis,
i.e., connects brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body;
connects the brain and spinal cord with peripheral structures such as muscles,
glands, and organs
Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the
neuraxis and attach outside the brain
Number of Cranial Nerve Pairs - Answer-12 pairs
Number of Spinal Nerve pairs - Answer-31 pairs
Somatic system - Answer-controls bodily movement (voluntary?);
innervates sensory organs
Soma - Answer-latin (?) for "body"
CORRECT ANSWERS
Functions of the cytoplasm and its structures within? - Answer-maintains metabolic
balance to the cell body;
contains mitochondria and ribosomes
Parts of the cytoplasm that provide energy - Answer-mitochondria and ribosomes
mitochondria - Answer-supplies energy to the body;
powerhouse of the cell
contains ribosomes
ribosomes - Answer-within mitochondria;
one of the only structures that uses RNA for genetic expression;
another organism that uses RNA exclusively is bacteria
Why is it important to know that if the patient is on antibiotics? - Answer-It is
important to know the patient is on antibiotics because they target RNA in ribosomes
as well as bacteria, which are composed of RNA, leading to tired fatigued patients or
chronic fatigue syndrome
Dendrites - Answer-short, more numerous processes attached to the cell body;
info travels distal to proximal towards cell body;
can have many dendrites or one depending on job and type (of what? the neuron?);
few mm in length;
afferent;
remember Dende receives Gohan's thoughts
afferent - Answer-energy toward the cell body;
afferent-at
Axons - Answer-effferent;
long process that doesn't branch until its termination;
arise from the body of the cell at the axon hillock;
ends in a terminal bouton;
deliver impulses to muscles, glands, and other neurons;
variety of sizes and types affecting conduction, ranging from several micrometers to
2 meters depending on how far it must travel through body-think brain to baby toe;
each neuron has one;
thicker ones move faster;
can be myelinated or unmyelinated
The Axons are spreading messages of Cultural Diversity
Efferent - Answer-conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body;
efferent-exit
nerve tracts - Answer-bundles of axons in *CNS*;
,have one very specific function;
neurons connect to other neurons and have high neuronal density and have
unlimited capacity for complex neuronal activity, i.e. produces perceptions and
thoughts, connections for voluntary muscle control
nerves - Answer-bundles of axons in the *PNS*;
have a variety of functions;
deliver impulses to muscles, glands, and other neurons to report pain, for
temperature/touch, muscle tension-relaxation, and limb movement/position
Myelin - Answer-puffy jacket;
lining that is present in both the CNS and PNS;
lipid in nature (oil/fatty);
white shiny lipo protein sheath, insulates the axon;
increases efficiency of nerve impulses, and with the sheaths of this substance, they
can be up to fifty times faster;
white matter of the brain;
gray matter is unmyelinated
Myelin in CNS* - Answer-oligodendrocytes
Myelin in PNS* - Answer-Schwann cells or Neurilemma cells
Nature of Myelin as a lipid substance - Answer-phospholipid bi-layered;
white shiny lipo protein sheath, insulates the axon
Myelin's importance to speech and language - Answer-Once thought that human is
born with all their nerve cells, only the myelin improves (Brain regeneration);
at birth, low myelin;
develops in first two years of life;
parallels babbling (6 months), 1st words and word combinations, suggesting a
relationship between rapid fire of myelinated nerves and speech
growth parallels babbling (starts around 6 months) and speech; relationship between
development of myelin and development of speech;
sheaths important for speech because of rapid transmission;
6 Cranial nerves innervating speech muscles - Answer-these nerves are myelinated;
CN V: Trigeminal for sensation and mastication (Think of Nathan from Misfits);
CN VII: Facial;
CN IX Glossopharyngeal for tongue sensation;
CN X Vagus: trachea, pharynx, larynx;
CN XI: Accessory;
CN XII: Hypoglossal-tongue movement
Brain matter color locations - Answer-gray on the outside, but as you move inside,
you encounter white matter, which indicates myelination
Multiple Sclerosis - Answer-Disease of myelin;
groups of myelin segments degenerate;
autoimmune inflmmation, damages the sheath;
,some segments may regenerate for a while, then degenerate again;
slows down ability to transmit;
one day speech is great, the next day, not so great; particular variety of
motor/general sensory loss reflects the location of the demyelinating process;
half the population with this disorder have dysarthria and dysphagia
classification of neurons - Answer-structure and function are important ways to
categorize this type of cell
Classification of Neurons according to function - Answer-Sensory or afferent:
bringing messages to the CNS;
Motor or efferent: taking messages away from the CNS;
Interneurons: connections between neurons
Classification of Neurons according to structure - Answer-multipolar;
bipolar;
unipolar
Multipolar neurons - Answer-multiple dendrites, one axon
Bipolar neurons - Answer-one dendrite, one axon; think of earth's axis as it passes
through the poles
Wilder G. Penfield - Answer-After WWII, this neurosurgeon engaged in cortical
mapping; during brain surgery, patients would be awake and they'd be electrically
stimulated to see what areas of the brain would respond;
Mnemonic: Wilder G. Penfield mapped the wilderness of the brain with his electrical
pen
In addition to advances in neurological concepts, what else characterized the 60s
and 70s? - Answer-Chomsky's linguistic theory;
split brain studies;
development of Minnesota Test of Differential Diagnosis, the Porch Index, and the
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination-which still exists
split brain studies - Answer-studies that indicated the specific function of each
hemisphere
Which tests were developed in the 1980s? - Answer-During this decade, the
Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) and Communication Activities in Daily Living
(CADL) by Audrey Holland were developed
Tools used in neurodiagnostic studies - Answer-CT scans;
MRI;
diffusion MRI
PET;
EEG
CT Scans - Answer-3D represenation;
used by computers and X-rays;
, can hardly see brain structure though
MRI - Answer-Magnetic Resonance Imaging: uses H20 and magnets to come up
with images through radio waves;
scans H20 in our body;
cross-sectional images;
radio waves, magnetic field;
more sensitive to abnormalities than a CT scan, but more expensive; also dead and
alive MRI look the same, i.e., doesn't show body/brain function;
detects distribution of water molecules in living tissue
Diffusion MRI - Answer-started in the 80s;
non-invasive technique;
study of brain pathways: never before been investigated in vivo;
looks at how H2O molecules move around in the brain
PET scan - Answer-Positron Emission Tomography;
measures metabolic activity: radioactive glucose metabolized by the brain and more
active areas metabolize more glucose;
expensive and only used in major medical facilities for research;
inject patient with glucose and get pictures of brain activity in response to glucose;
could be a good research of higher mental function tasks for language and cognition
EEG - Answer-Electron electroencephalography;
measures electrical neuronal transmissions;
good with epilepsy;
questionable validity and reliability
Central Nervous System-CNS - Answer-Consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord;
Protected by cranial bones and the spine;
includes anything INSIDE the cranial bones and the spinal cord
Neuraxis - Answer-Another term for the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System-PNS - Answer-anything that goes out of the neuraxis,
i.e., connects brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body;
connects the brain and spinal cord with peripheral structures such as muscles,
glands, and organs
Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the
neuraxis and attach outside the brain
Number of Cranial Nerve Pairs - Answer-12 pairs
Number of Spinal Nerve pairs - Answer-31 pairs
Somatic system - Answer-controls bodily movement (voluntary?);
innervates sensory organs
Soma - Answer-latin (?) for "body"
