LCAS Exam Questions and Answers 100%
Solved
List types of sedative-hypnotics -Benzodiazepines (Xanax, Valium, Klonopin, Rohypnol)
-Z-hypnotics (Ambien)
-Barbiturates (Butalbital)
-Meprobamate (Miltown)
-Alcohol
-Others (antihistamines, skeletal muscle relaxants, look-alike sedatives, and bromides)
What are the physical effects (small doses, excessive use, larger doses and in combination, high
dose and prolonged use) of downers/CNS depressants? Small doses: slows heart rate and
respiration, relaxes muscles, decreases coordination, induces sleep, dulls the senses, diminishes
pain *opiates and opioids can also cause constipation, nausea, and pinpoint pupils
Excessive drinking or sedative-hypnotic use can: slur speech, cause digestive problems
Large doses of alcohol or sedative-hypnotic use or in combination with other depressants can:
cause dangerous respiratory depression and coma
,High dose or prolonged use of any depressant can: cause sexual dysfunction and tissue
dependence
What are the mental/emotional effects of downers or CNS depressants? Small doses: can
act like stimulants because they lower inhibitions
Larger doses: relaxing and dulling the mind, diminishing anxiety, controlling neuroses *certain
downers can induce euphoria or a sense of well-being
Long-term use of any depressant: can cause psychological and physical dependence
Describe what hallucinogens or psychedelics are and how many classifications there are
Substances that can distort perceptions and induce illusions, delusions, or hallucinations
5 classifications
What are the classifications of hallucinogens? -Ergots/indoles: LSD, psilocybin
mushrooms, ayahuasca, and DMT
,-Phenylalkylamines: peyote (mescaline), ibogaine, MDMA)
-Cannabinoids: marijuana and hashish
Others: ketamines, PCP, salvia, dextromethorphan, nutmeg, and Amanita mushrooms
What are the physical effects of hallucinogens? Most cause nausea and dizziness
Marijuana increases appetite and makes eyes bloodshot
LSD raises blood pressure and causes sweating
MDMA and even LSD act like stimulants
What are the mental/emotional effects of hallucinogens? Distort sensory messages to and
from the brainstem, particularly the five senses are intensified or distorted (illusions)
The brain can also trigger imaginary sensory messages (hallucinations) and distorted thinking
(delusions)
What is synesthesia? The process where the brain causes sounds to become visual and
sights to be perceived as sound
What are inhalants? Gaseous or liquid substances that are inhaled and absorbed through
the lungs.
, Describe the types of inhalants -Organic solvents: glue, gasoline, metallic paints,
household sprays
-Volatile nitrites: amyl, butyl, or cyclohexyl nitrite (also called "poppers")
-Anesthetics: nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
What are the physical effects of inhalants? Most often there is CNS depression, dizziness,
slurred speech, unsteady gait, and drowsiness.
Some cause lower blood pressure, causing user to faint or lose balance
Because they are depressants they can cause drowsiness, stupor, coma, and asphyxiation
Organic solvents can be toxic to cells in the lung, brain, liver, kidney tissues, and even blood
What are the mental/emotional effects of inhalants? Small amounts: impulsiveness,
excitement, mental confusion, and irritability
Larger amounts: delirium and hallucinations
Solved
List types of sedative-hypnotics -Benzodiazepines (Xanax, Valium, Klonopin, Rohypnol)
-Z-hypnotics (Ambien)
-Barbiturates (Butalbital)
-Meprobamate (Miltown)
-Alcohol
-Others (antihistamines, skeletal muscle relaxants, look-alike sedatives, and bromides)
What are the physical effects (small doses, excessive use, larger doses and in combination, high
dose and prolonged use) of downers/CNS depressants? Small doses: slows heart rate and
respiration, relaxes muscles, decreases coordination, induces sleep, dulls the senses, diminishes
pain *opiates and opioids can also cause constipation, nausea, and pinpoint pupils
Excessive drinking or sedative-hypnotic use can: slur speech, cause digestive problems
Large doses of alcohol or sedative-hypnotic use or in combination with other depressants can:
cause dangerous respiratory depression and coma
,High dose or prolonged use of any depressant can: cause sexual dysfunction and tissue
dependence
What are the mental/emotional effects of downers or CNS depressants? Small doses: can
act like stimulants because they lower inhibitions
Larger doses: relaxing and dulling the mind, diminishing anxiety, controlling neuroses *certain
downers can induce euphoria or a sense of well-being
Long-term use of any depressant: can cause psychological and physical dependence
Describe what hallucinogens or psychedelics are and how many classifications there are
Substances that can distort perceptions and induce illusions, delusions, or hallucinations
5 classifications
What are the classifications of hallucinogens? -Ergots/indoles: LSD, psilocybin
mushrooms, ayahuasca, and DMT
,-Phenylalkylamines: peyote (mescaline), ibogaine, MDMA)
-Cannabinoids: marijuana and hashish
Others: ketamines, PCP, salvia, dextromethorphan, nutmeg, and Amanita mushrooms
What are the physical effects of hallucinogens? Most cause nausea and dizziness
Marijuana increases appetite and makes eyes bloodshot
LSD raises blood pressure and causes sweating
MDMA and even LSD act like stimulants
What are the mental/emotional effects of hallucinogens? Distort sensory messages to and
from the brainstem, particularly the five senses are intensified or distorted (illusions)
The brain can also trigger imaginary sensory messages (hallucinations) and distorted thinking
(delusions)
What is synesthesia? The process where the brain causes sounds to become visual and
sights to be perceived as sound
What are inhalants? Gaseous or liquid substances that are inhaled and absorbed through
the lungs.
, Describe the types of inhalants -Organic solvents: glue, gasoline, metallic paints,
household sprays
-Volatile nitrites: amyl, butyl, or cyclohexyl nitrite (also called "poppers")
-Anesthetics: nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
What are the physical effects of inhalants? Most often there is CNS depression, dizziness,
slurred speech, unsteady gait, and drowsiness.
Some cause lower blood pressure, causing user to faint or lose balance
Because they are depressants they can cause drowsiness, stupor, coma, and asphyxiation
Organic solvents can be toxic to cells in the lung, brain, liver, kidney tissues, and even blood
What are the mental/emotional effects of inhalants? Small amounts: impulsiveness,
excitement, mental confusion, and irritability
Larger amounts: delirium and hallucinations
