HNF 150 Exam 1 Questions and Answers
Verified by Experts
Identify credible sources and credentials of experts in the field of nutrition who provide reliable
nutrition information. 1. Dietician
2. Doctor
List the health properties of garlic, and which compounds are responsible for the health benefits
and odor. 1. Antibacterial properties (antifungal, antithrombotic)
2. Sulfur compounds that are released with garlic is crushed or cut - causes odor and has healing
properties
3. Enhances absorption of iron and zinc bound up by phytate in whole grains
(Double) blind experiment Experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they
are members of the experimental group or the control group
Case Control (Retrospective) Study 1. A retrospective study that looks back in time to find
the relative risk between a specific exposure (e.g. second hand tobacco smoke) and an outcome
(e.g. cancer).
,2. Retrospective just means to look back in time
3. Compares patients who have the disease/illness (cases) (i.e. cancer), with patients who do not
have the illness/disease (control)
Correlation 1. A change in two factors simultaneously
Ex. Increasing weight and increasing height
Hypothesis A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting
point for further explanation
Placebo A sham treatment often used in studies; an inert harmless medication
List the order of the components of the digestive tract and the main digestive actions taking place
in each. MESSLRA
1. Mouth (chewing and swallowing) & esophagus
Adds water in the form of saliva to make it slippery
Salivary glands add starch-digesting enzyme
2. Esophagus
,Passes food to the stomach using peristalsis (wavy muscle)
3. Stomach (collecting and churning)
Makes food into chyme (broken up, digested food)
Uses gastric acid (Hydrochloric acid, water, enzymes)
4. Small intestine (digesting and absorbing)
Liver secretes bile in the small intestine (emulsifies fats)
Pancreas and intestine secrete enzymes (split proteins into smaller fragments
Absorbs carbs
5. Large intestine
Reabsorbs the water donated by digestive organs and absorbs minerals
Leaves paste of fiber and undigested materials (feces) suitable for excretion
Undigested proteins and carbs are carried out of the body
6. Rectum
Organ that stores waste prior to elimination
7. Anus
Keeps rectum closed and opens to allow elimination
Mechanical digestion (uses the digestive tract) 1. Chewing
, 2. Moving the tract's content via peristalsis
3. Mixing by stomach//GI tract (segmentation)
4. Added fluid
Peristalsis The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or
another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward
Chemical digestion (uses the gastrointestinal system) 1. Food is mixed with saliva that
acts on carbohydrates
2. Stomach acid breaks down proteins
3. Digestion processes in small intestine
Liver and gallbladder contribute bile that emulsifies fats
Pancreas and small intestine donate enzymes that continue digestion so that absorption can
occur
Carbs 1. Digested first in the mouth via saliva
2. Acids in the stomach stop the digestion of carbs
3. Pancreas releases enzymes into small intestine
4. Undigested carbohydrates reach the large intestine and broken down by intestinal bacteria
Verified by Experts
Identify credible sources and credentials of experts in the field of nutrition who provide reliable
nutrition information. 1. Dietician
2. Doctor
List the health properties of garlic, and which compounds are responsible for the health benefits
and odor. 1. Antibacterial properties (antifungal, antithrombotic)
2. Sulfur compounds that are released with garlic is crushed or cut - causes odor and has healing
properties
3. Enhances absorption of iron and zinc bound up by phytate in whole grains
(Double) blind experiment Experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they
are members of the experimental group or the control group
Case Control (Retrospective) Study 1. A retrospective study that looks back in time to find
the relative risk between a specific exposure (e.g. second hand tobacco smoke) and an outcome
(e.g. cancer).
,2. Retrospective just means to look back in time
3. Compares patients who have the disease/illness (cases) (i.e. cancer), with patients who do not
have the illness/disease (control)
Correlation 1. A change in two factors simultaneously
Ex. Increasing weight and increasing height
Hypothesis A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting
point for further explanation
Placebo A sham treatment often used in studies; an inert harmless medication
List the order of the components of the digestive tract and the main digestive actions taking place
in each. MESSLRA
1. Mouth (chewing and swallowing) & esophagus
Adds water in the form of saliva to make it slippery
Salivary glands add starch-digesting enzyme
2. Esophagus
,Passes food to the stomach using peristalsis (wavy muscle)
3. Stomach (collecting and churning)
Makes food into chyme (broken up, digested food)
Uses gastric acid (Hydrochloric acid, water, enzymes)
4. Small intestine (digesting and absorbing)
Liver secretes bile in the small intestine (emulsifies fats)
Pancreas and intestine secrete enzymes (split proteins into smaller fragments
Absorbs carbs
5. Large intestine
Reabsorbs the water donated by digestive organs and absorbs minerals
Leaves paste of fiber and undigested materials (feces) suitable for excretion
Undigested proteins and carbs are carried out of the body
6. Rectum
Organ that stores waste prior to elimination
7. Anus
Keeps rectum closed and opens to allow elimination
Mechanical digestion (uses the digestive tract) 1. Chewing
, 2. Moving the tract's content via peristalsis
3. Mixing by stomach//GI tract (segmentation)
4. Added fluid
Peristalsis The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or
another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward
Chemical digestion (uses the gastrointestinal system) 1. Food is mixed with saliva that
acts on carbohydrates
2. Stomach acid breaks down proteins
3. Digestion processes in small intestine
Liver and gallbladder contribute bile that emulsifies fats
Pancreas and small intestine donate enzymes that continue digestion so that absorption can
occur
Carbs 1. Digested first in the mouth via saliva
2. Acids in the stomach stop the digestion of carbs
3. Pancreas releases enzymes into small intestine
4. Undigested carbohydrates reach the large intestine and broken down by intestinal bacteria
