psychology AQA- attachment Exam 133 Questions With Verified Answers

psychology AQA- attachment Exam 133 Questions With Verified Answers - or + A03 : bowbly and the critical period - ANSWER-Bowlby says that the first two and a half years are as the critical period for psychological development. If a child is separated from their mother in the absence of suitable substitute care and so deprived of her emotional care for on extended duration during this critical period then Bowlby believed psychological damage was inevitable. He also believed there was a continuing risk up to the age of 5-years-old. .: A limitation of the research of the influence of early attachments on later life is. Socially sensitive and deterministic: A03 - ANSWER-A limitation of the research of the influence of early attachments on later life is that it is socially sensitive as well as deterministic. Studies suggests that your early attachment type predicts how you will be as an adult or parent. This not only raises an issue fer parents of the children, as they may be labelled as insensitive for 'making' their children resistant but also takes away any free will a person has to change their attachment type from childhood. Therefore, the research in this area can have negative implications for all those involved and should be generalised with caution. .A03 Meltzoff and Moore study- Feldman - ANSWER-Feldman points out that ideas like synchrony and reciprocity simply give names to patterns of observable behaviours but might not be particularly useful in understanding child development. .A03 Meltzoff and Moore study- Practical applications: - ANSWER-Can be used in parenting skills training. Crotwell found that a 10-minute parent-child interaction therapy improved parenting .A03 Meltzoff and Moore study- Reliability and validity - ANSWER-One strength is that the interactions are filmed in a lab, e.g. Meltzoff and Moore. This means many EV's can be controlled and as it is recorded it can be analysed later. Therefore, researchers are less likely to miss behaviours. This allows inter-rater reliability to be established. Therefore, the data will have goof reliability and validity. However, the interactions can be hard to be interpreted. Babies lack co-ordination so movements being observed are subtle. For e.g. the baby could be just passing wind or twitching. This means we cannot be certain that the behaviours seen in caregiver-infant interactions have a special meaning. .Ainsworth's Strange situation - - ANSWER-- A technique used to measure attachment .Attachment - ANSWER-An emotional, strong and reciprocal bond between two people, especially and infant and caregiver. .Babies do cute things from when they are born- - ANSWER-(social releases) e.g. smiling, cooing, gripping. A child is maximally sensitive at 6 months and can be extended up to the age of 2 years old. This is the sensitive period. .Bowlby (1944)- A01-Study on 44 thieves Findings- - ANSWER--He found that the thieves lacked a social conscience. -32% of thieves were diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths (14/44) -86% of this group had experienced separation for at least a week before the age of 5. (12/14) .Brazelton Reciprocity: - ANSWER-described the view that babies have 'Active movement' as a 'dance'. .Continuity hypothesis- Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis - ANSWER-- if there are prolonged separations then there may be issues into adulthood. .Critical period- - ANSWER-time within an attachment must form if it is to form at all. Bowlby extended the idea to humans. Proposing that human babies have a sensitive period after which it will be more difficult to form attachments.( 6 months - 2 and a half years). .Critical period- Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis - ANSWER-an issue if prolonged separation, if before two and a half years (but can rise up to 5 years) and if no substitution available. .Cultural variations in attachment Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg A01- Procedure - ANSWER--Completed a meta-analysis (summery piece of research from a range of similar studies) on 32 studies using Ainsworth's strange situation. -They were looking at over 2000 babies to see attachment types both between and within culture: individualistic: emphasises personal independence collectivist: (emphasises family and work goals) countires invloved: Britian, sweden, netherlands, US , germany, china , japan, isreal. .Cultural variations in attachment Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg A01- findings - ANSWER--Secure attachment was the most common in all 8 countries. -Insecure-avoidant was found higher in individualistic cultures. -Insecure-resistant was found higher in collectivist cultures. E.g. GB has the highest secure, Japan and Israel were highest resistant, Germany was the highest avoidant. The highest variation was found within cultures: there was up to 150% variation within cultures compared to between .Cultural variations in attachment Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg conclusion- - ANSWER-Japanese children are not used to being left alone. Distress may be due to shock rather than attachment. Germany has a very high avoidant % because the children were independent and less demanding. - more used to being alone. .Disinhibited attachment- effect - ANSWER--> a form of insecure attachment where children do not discriminate between people they choose as attachment figures. Such children would treat near strangers with inappropriate familiarity and may be attention seeking. .Effects on development- Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis - ANSWER-—intellectual, emotional, social. E.g. affectionless psychopathy, delinquency, low IQ. .Ethnocentric: Strange situation A03 - ANSWER-One limitation of the strange situation is that it may be an invalid measure of attachment in different cultural contexts. It was developed in Britian and the US. It may be culture bound, only valid for certain cultures as babies have different experiences in different cultures. For example, Takahashi, babies displayed very high levels of separation anxiety so were classified as insecure-resistant. Takahashi suggests that this anxiety was not due to high rates of insecurity but to the unusual nature of the experience in Japan where mother-baby separation is very rare. .Explanation of attachment - learning theory classical conditioning - Pavlov The process of conditioning: - ANSWER-Step 1: Food (UCS) Baby feels pleasure (UCR) - unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response. Step 2: Mother (NS) + Food (UCS) à Baby feels pleasure (UCR) - neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response. Step 3: Mother (CS) à Baby feel pleasure (CR) - conditioned stimulus = conditioned response. .Explanations of attachment - Main features of Bowlby's theory of attachment: - ANSWER--A child has an innate need to form an attachment with one person. —> this special attachment to one person is called monotropy. -This strong relationship with one person should continue unbroken for the first two years of life if adverse effects are to be avoided. -The maternal deprivation hypothesis holds that a broken/lack of attachment leads to problems for the child with relationships on reaching adulthood. -Broken attachment leads to delinquency and affectionless psychopathy. -Attachment provides a safe haven for when the child is afraid and a secure base from which to explore the world. -Separation anxiety serves to draw the attachment figure back to the infant and is a survival mechanism. .Explanatory power:Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis AO3 - ANSWER-Putting all the blame on the mother .Extrapolation issues - the learning theory A03 - ANSWER-One limitation is that the studies may have extrapolation issues. (we can't assume the similarities of species). The learning theory is based on animal research (dogs and rats) and being applied to explain human behaviour. Such as attachment in babies. This is an issue because there are many fundamental differences in terms of emotions and development between the species. This is very reductionist, oversimplifying behaviour to food. Therefore, the theory should be generalised with caution .Fathers - ANSWER-are anyone who takes on the role of the main male caregiver, not necessarily has to be the biological father.