Chapter 10: Experimental and
Quasiexperimental Designs
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
1. Which of the following criteria must be met to infer causality?
a. The relationship between cause and effect must be measurable and reciprocal.
b. The relationship must not be explainable by any other variable.
c. The independent variable must change in response to manipulation of the
dependent variable.
d. The outcome must be logical, expected, and predictable.
ANS: B
Feedback
A. Cause and effect are not necessarily reciprocal.
B. Control of other variables that may explain the effect of the independent variable
on the dependent variable is critical to causality.
C. In a cause-and-effect relationship, the independent variable changes the
dependent variable.
D. Cause-and-effect-relationships are not necessarily logical or expected.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 217
2. Which of the following situations meets a criterion for inferring causality between
performance of exercise and adaptation behaviour of women receiving chemotherapy for
breast cancer?
a. Adaptation behaviour began before the exercise program was initiated.
b. Adaptive behaviour occurred in the control group over time.
, c. The level of adaptation behaviours increased proportionately with increase in the
intensity of the exercise.
d. No differences in adaptation behaviours were observed between subjects in the
experimental group and subjects in the control group.
ANS: C
Feedback
A. The change in the dependent variable before treatment begins would interfere
with clear causality.
B. If a change in adaptation behaviour occurred without treatment, that would
interfere with causality.
C. A clear proportional change in the dependent variable that occurs because of clear
proportional change in the independent variable supports causality.
D. The lack of difference between groups suggests that the independent variable
(treatment) was not causally related.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Pages 221–222
3. What is the term used to describe the experimental treatment initiated by the researcher?
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Extraneous variable
d. Outcome variable
ANS: A
Feedback
A. The other term for experimental treatment is independent variable.
B. The dependent variable is also called the outcome.
Quasiexperimental Designs
LoBiondo-Wood: Nursing Research in Canada, 4th Edition
1. Which of the following criteria must be met to infer causality?
a. The relationship between cause and effect must be measurable and reciprocal.
b. The relationship must not be explainable by any other variable.
c. The independent variable must change in response to manipulation of the
dependent variable.
d. The outcome must be logical, expected, and predictable.
ANS: B
Feedback
A. Cause and effect are not necessarily reciprocal.
B. Control of other variables that may explain the effect of the independent variable
on the dependent variable is critical to causality.
C. In a cause-and-effect relationship, the independent variable changes the
dependent variable.
D. Cause-and-effect-relationships are not necessarily logical or expected.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 217
2. Which of the following situations meets a criterion for inferring causality between
performance of exercise and adaptation behaviour of women receiving chemotherapy for
breast cancer?
a. Adaptation behaviour began before the exercise program was initiated.
b. Adaptive behaviour occurred in the control group over time.
, c. The level of adaptation behaviours increased proportionately with increase in the
intensity of the exercise.
d. No differences in adaptation behaviours were observed between subjects in the
experimental group and subjects in the control group.
ANS: C
Feedback
A. The change in the dependent variable before treatment begins would interfere
with clear causality.
B. If a change in adaptation behaviour occurred without treatment, that would
interfere with causality.
C. A clear proportional change in the dependent variable that occurs because of clear
proportional change in the independent variable supports causality.
D. The lack of difference between groups suggests that the independent variable
(treatment) was not causally related.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Pages 221–222
3. What is the term used to describe the experimental treatment initiated by the researcher?
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Extraneous variable
d. Outcome variable
ANS: A
Feedback
A. The other term for experimental treatment is independent variable.
B. The dependent variable is also called the outcome.
