Psych Test Bank Exam Questions with Correct Answers.

Psych Test Bank Exam Questions with Correct Answers How does the text define psychology? a. As the science of behavior b. As the study of the mind c. As the study of behavior, cognition, and emotion d. As the study of the psyche e. As the study of the brain - Correct Answers: a. As the science of behavior What is the ultimate goal of psychology? a. To discover how the brain controls behavior b. To explore the human psyche c. To solve the problems of humankind d. To understand human behavior e. To control behavior - Correct Answers: d. To understand human behavior What does the first step in explaining behavior involve? a. Discovering it b. Describing it c. Discussing it d. Demonstrating it e. Debating it - Correct Answers: b. Describing it If you were a psychologist who wanted to explain the phenomenon of road rage, what would be your first step? a. Discovering it b. Debating it c. Discussing it d. Demonstrating it e. Describing it - Correct Answers: e. Describing it What do psychologists call the events responsible for the occurrence of a behavior? a. Consequent events b. Subsequent events c. Causal events d. Confounding events e. Cognitive events - Correct Answers: c. Causal events According to the textbook, why might different psychologists study the same behavior in different ways? a. More contemporary approaches are considered superior to older methods. b. They may simply be interested in different levels of explanation. c. Biological methods are considered generally more fundamental than all other methods. d. Biological methods are considered generally superior to most other methods. e. This is an untrue assumption; psychologists wouldn't be able to agree on anything if they studied the same behavior in different ways. - Correct Answers: b. They may simply be interested in different levels of explanation. Which area of psychology is most likely to involve studying how the nervous system and the endocrine system affect behavior? a. Comparative psychology b. Physiological psychology c. Psychophysiology d. Behavior analysis e. Social psychology - Correct Answers: b. Physiological psychology Dr. Thraill's research has focused on addiction and how drugs affect the brain and nervous system. What would her area of research most likely be? a. Developmental psychology b. Cognitive neuroscience c. Comparative psychology d. Physiological psychology e. Social psychology - Correct Answers: d. Physiological psychology Which area of psychological research is most likely to examine the evolution of adaptive behavior in a given species? a. Behavior analysis b. Comparative psychology c. Developmental psychology d. Physiological psychology e. Cognitive psychology - Correct Answers: b. Comparative psychology Which area of psychological research is most likely to study behaviors such as courting, mating, and parenting? a. Cognitive psychology b. Personality psychology c. Comparative psychology d. Clinical psychology e. Developmental psychology - Correct Answers: c. Comparative psychology Dr. Lind is a psychologist who studies the effects of different drugs on the behavior of different species. Which research area does Dr. Lind's work best represent? a. Clinical psychology b. Cognitive psychology c. Counseling psychology d. Comparative psychology e. Developmental psychology - Correct Answers: d. Comparative psychology Dr. Shapiro has developed a strain of rats that is especially susceptible to the effects of certain drugs. These rats become addicted more easily than other strains. Which area of research does Dr. Shapiro's work best represent? a. Behavior analysis b. Behavior genetics c. Cognitive psychology d. Cognitive neuroscience e. Developmental psychology - Correct Answers: b. Behavior genetics What does cognitive psychology emphasize? a. Behavior b. Human interaction c. Mental processes and complex behavior d. Individual differences in thought and behavior e. Brain structures and behavior - Correct Answers: c. Mental processes and complex behavior Which area of psychological research emphasizes explaining behavior in terms of mental processes such as attention, perception, and thinking? a. Behavior analysis b. Comparative psychology c. Physiological psychology d. Cognitive psychology e. Cognitive neuroscience - Correct Answers: d. Cognitive psychology Dr. Fleming is a psychologist who develops tests used to assess behavioral and cognitive problems caused by abnormal brain processes. Which area of research does Dr. Fleming's work best represent? a. cognitive neuroscience. b. behavior analysis. c. physiological psychology. d. behavior genetics. e. comparative psychology. - Correct Answers: a. cognitive neuroscience. Which area of psychology involves the study of cognitive, physiological, and social changes that occur as people grow older? a. Social psychology b. Developmental psychology c. Personality psychology d. Clinical psychology e. Physiological psychology - Correct Answers: b. Developmental psychology Dr. Burkhart is a psychologist whose primary interest involves attitude formation and change. Which area of research does Dr. Burkhart's work best represent? a. Cognitive psychology b. Developmental psychology c. Social psychology d. Personality psychology e. Clinical psychology - Correct Answers: c. Social psychology Which area of psychological research is most closely associated with the study of individual differences in temperament and patterns of behavior? a. Cross-cultural psychology b. Social psychology c. Personality psychology d. Cognitive psychology e. Clinical psychology - Correct Answers: c. Personality psychology Which area of psychological research focuses on how cognitive or social features of human behavior may have provided early humans with a competitive advantage over other species? a. Developmental psychology b. Cross-cultural psychology c. Evolutionary psychology d. Social psychology e. Personality psychology - Correct Answers: c. Evolutionary psychology Dr. Critchfield is a psychologist who studies the similarities and differences among societies in terms of how infants and children are raised. Which research area does Dr. Critchfield's work best represent? a. Clinical psychology b. Personality psychology c. Developmental psychology d. Cross-cultural psychology e. Social psychology - Correct Answers: d. Cross-cultural psychology Which area of psychological research is most likely involved in attempting to help people solve their problems? a. Clinical psychology b. Cognitive psychology c. Developmental psychology d. Comparative psychology e. Evolutionary psychology - Correct Answers: a. Clinical psychology Dr. El Sheikh is a psychologist who specializes in identifying and treating behavioral problems that are caused by nervous system disorders or injury. Which type of psychologist does Dr. El Sheikh best represent? a. Cognitive neuroscientist b. Community psychologist c. Clinical neuropsychologist d. Health psychologist e. Community parapsychologist - Correct Answers: c. Clinical neuropsychologist In solving problems, community psychologists focus on __________ whereas clinical psychologists focus on __________. a. changing people's attitudes; the welfare of the individual in the social system b. the welfare of the individual; the welfare of the organization c. the welfare of individuals in the social system; changing the individual d. the impact of the environment on the individual; the welfare of the organization e. the welfare of the social system; changing the environment - Correct Answers: c. the welfare of individuals in the social system; changing the individual Dr. Chapwick is a psychologist whose primary interest is to promote healthy behavior and lifestyles in order to prevent illness. Which type of psychologist does Dr. Chapwick best represent? a. Health psychologist b. School psychologist c. Consumer psychologist d. Clinical psychologist e. Community psychologist - Correct Answers: a. Health psychologist Dr. Tucker works with young people in dealing with behavior problems that they have at school. Which type of psychologist does Dr. Tucker best represent? a. Cognitive psychologist b. School psychologist c. Clinical psychologist d. Developmental psychologist e. Community psychologist - Correct Answers: b. School psychologist Which type of psychologist would you expect to find, in a supermarket or mall, studying patterns of shopping behavior? a. Consumer psychologist b. Clinical psychologist c. Human factors psychologist d. Organizational psychologist e. Community psychologist - Correct Answers: a. Consumer psychologist Which type of psychologist works within existing social systems for changes that will positively affect the members of those systems? a. Consumer psychologist b. Health psychologist c. Organizational psychologist d. Community psychologist e. Human factors psychologist - Correct Answers: d. Community psychologist Dr. Johnston is a psychologist who consults with different companies to improve the working conditions of their employees. Which type of psychologist does Dr. Johnston best represent? a. Community psychologist b. Organizational psychologist c. Consumer psychologist d. Health psychologist e. Engineering psychologist - Correct Answers: b. Organizational psychologist Which of the subfields of psychology includes the study of the workplace as a primary goal? a. Organizational psychology b. Community psychology c. Health psychology d. Consumer psychology e. School psychology - Correct Answers: a. Organizational psychology Which type of psychologist is involved in the design of more efficient and safer machines? a. Organizational psychologists b. Consumer psychologists c. Health psychologists d. Engineering psychologists e. Forensic psychologists - Correct Answers: d. Engineering psychologists Dr. McGlynn is a psychologist who works for a large automobile maker designing in-dash displays. Which type of psychologist does Dr. McGlynn best represent? a. Health psychologist b. Organizational psychologist c. Engineering psychologist d. Consumer psychologist e. Forensic psychologist - Correct Answers: c. Engineering psychologist Which psychologists specialize in the application of psychological knowledge to legal issues? a. Consumer psychologists b. Community psychologists c. Clinical psychologists d. Organizational psychologists e. Forensic psychologists - Correct Answers: e. Forensic psychologists Chris argues that all living things possess spirits that control them. For instance, he believes that trees and other plants grow upward because the spirits within them wish to be closer to the warmth of the sun. Chris is a proponent of a. animism. b. materialism. c. empiricism. d. dualism. e. structuralism. - Correct Answers: a. animism. As a science, psychology makes the assumption that behavior is subject to a. will. b. physical laws. c. reflexes. d. animism. e. dualism. - Correct Answers: b. physical laws. Psychology depends on the scientific method in order to be a. rational. b. subjective. c. objective. d. dualistic. e. responsible. - Correct Answers: c. objective. According to Descartes, to understand the world, one must use observation and reason in order to a. understand how it is constructed. b. reconcile human experience with God's revelations. c. discover its spiritual nature. d. identify the levels of the world's reality. e. explore the unconscious processes that are part of the world. - Correct Answers: a. understand how it is constructed. In Descartes's view, animals were nothing more than a. creations of God to be used to satisfy humankind's needs and pleasures. b. creatures controlled by animism. c. mechanical devices. d. dualistic entities that serve few, if any, useful functions. e. spirits. - Correct Answers: c. mechanical devices. In Descartes's view the critical distinction between people and the rest of the natural world was that humans possess a. emotions. b. reflexes. c. a knowledge of God. d. a mind. e. an unconscious. - Correct Answers: d. a mind. The idea that all reality can be divided into either mind or matter is called a. realism. b. dualism. c. materialism. d. empiricism. e. rationalism. - Correct Answers: b. dualism. According to Descartes, humans consist of __________,which is consistent with his __________ perspective. a. mind; reflexive b. senses; empiricist c. matter; materialist d. mind and matter; dualist e. mind; rationalist - Correct Answers: d. mind and matter; dualist Descartes argued that a. the pineal body is the physical housing for the mind. b. mind and matter interact. c. the mind is made of ordinary matter. d. dualism explains the origins of the mind. e. all of the body's actions are driven by the mind. - Correct Answers: b. mind and matter interact. According to Descartes, the movements of the body are caused by a. the flow of fluid from the brain to the nerves that then cause the muscles to contract. b. stimulation of the pineal body to release specific chemicals that then travel through the c. specific commands from the brain that cause specific muscles to move. d. spirits within the mind that travel through the nervous system. e. electrical flow through the nerves to the muscles. bloodstream to the appropriate set of muscles. - Correct Answers: a. the flow of fluid from the brain to the nerves that then cause the muscles to contract. Although hydraulic moving statues are more simple than the more complex human body, a. subsystem Descartes believed the human body functioned according to similar principles. The statues are a __________ of human body function. b. network c. model d. exemplar e. microsystem - Correct Answers: c. model Based on his observations of moving statues, Descartes formulated a(n) __________ model a. chemical of reflexes. b. psychological c. electrical d. mechanical e. magnetic - Correct Answers: d. mechanical Marni believes that she can discover truth by using reason and logical thinking. Like Descartes, she advocates a. dualism. b. materialism. c. rationalism. d. empiricism. e. animism. - Correct Answers: c. rationalism. Descartes is to __________ as Locke is to __________. a. empiricism; rationalism b. animism; empiricism c. rationalism; dualism d. dualism; animism e. rationalism; empiricism - Correct Answers: e. rationalism; empiricism The philosopher who rejected the notion that ideas were innate in the human mind was a. Descartes. b. Locke. c. Berkeley. d. Mill. e. James. - Correct Answers: b. Locke. Who argued that the mind is like a "cleaned slate" at birth and subsequently is written upon by experience? a. Mill b. Descartes c. Berkeley d. Locke e. James - Correct Answers: d. Locke Who argued that knowledge of events in the world also requires assumptions based on past experiences? a. Descartes b. Berkeley c. Locke d. Mill e. James - Correct Answers: b. Berkeley Locke is to __________ as Mill is to __________. a. animism; empiricism b. materialism; empiricism c. rationalism; materialism d. empiricism; materialism e. empiricism; animism - Correct Answers: d. empiricism; materialism What is the philosophical position that reality can only be known by understanding the physical world, of which the mind is a part? a. Rationalism b. Dualism c. Materialism d. Empiricism e. Behaviorism - Correct Answers: c. Materialism James Mill is known for his view that the mind and the body are a. inseparable. b. dualistic. c. material. d. reflexive. e. observable. - Correct Answers: c. material. Mill differed from Descartes because he suggested __________ whereas Descartes suggested __________. a. the mind is composed of matter; only the body is composed of matter b. truth can be discovered through reason; truth can be discovered through observation c. fluid from the brain creates action; human will creates action d. the mind is observable; the mind is not observable e. the body controls the mind; the mind controls the body - Correct Answers: a. the mind is composed of matter; only the body is composed of matter The doctrine of specific nerve energies is most closely associated with a. Galvani. b. Müller. c. Helmholtz. d. Flourens. e. Descartes. - Correct Answers: b. Müller. Who disproved Descartes' hydraulic model of muscle contraction by showing that they contracted in response to electrical stimulation? a. Galvani b. Müller c. Helmholtz d. Flourens e. Mill - Correct Answers: a. Galvani One important implication of the doctrine of specific nerve energies was that a. all nerves ultimately lead to the brain. b. the mind is made of nerves. c. different parts of the brain may have different functions. d. electrical stimulation of the brain could produce lasting damage. e. nerves communicate unidirectionally from the brain to different parts of the body. - Correct Answers: c. different parts of the brain may have different functions. Who pioneered the method of experimental ablation? a. Fritsch and Hitzig b. Flourens c. Broca d. Helmholtz e. Müller - Correct Answers: b. Flourens Flourens provided experimental support for the doctrine of specific nerve energies by showing that the removal of different parts of the nervous system produced a. only temporary effects. b. a general impairment rather than specific impairments. c. few, if any, noticeable effects. d. the same effects. e. different effects. - Correct Answers: e. different effects. Broca's research suggested that damage to the __________ causes deficits in __________. a. front part of the brain; tasting b. rear of the brain; seeing c. right side of the brain; hearing d. left side of the brain; speaking e. right side of the brain; speaking - Correct Answers: d. left side of the brain; speaking The physiologists who introduced the use of electrical stimulation to map the functions of different parts of the brain were a. Fritsch and Hitzig. b. Flourens and Broca. c. Helmholtz and Weber. d. Fritsch and Helmholtz. e. Broca and Weber. - Correct Answers: a. Fritsch and Hitzig. Through the postmortem study of the brains of people who have experienced brain injury or damage, it is possible to correlate specific behaviors with specific regions of the brain. Psychologists and physiologists who study the relationship of behavior and brain function in this way are building upon the earlier work of a. Helmholtz. b. Flourens. c. Broca. d. Galvani. e. Müller. - Correct Answers: c. Broca. Who was an important advocate of the claim that mental phenomena could be explained by physiological processes? a. Helmholtz. b. Broca. c. Galvani. d. Müller. e. Fluorens. - Correct Answers: a. Helmholtz. Helmholtz's finding that the nerve impulse traveling through the body is considerably slower than electricity traveling through a wire, led to the important realization that a. the nerve impulse is not electrical in its nature. b. nerve impulses are more complex than simple electrical current. c. specific structures within the body impede the speed with which d. the brain and nervous system could be studied safely by stimulating them with weak e. electrical stimulation of the body could potentially damage the nervous system. electrical current travels through the nervous system. electrical current. - Correct Answers: b. nerve impulses are more complex than simple electrical current. Who first established that people are able to distinguish between differences in sensory experiences, such as differences in brightness or loudness, in ways that follow orderly laws? a. Helmholtz. b. Broca. c. Flourens. d. Weber. e. Müller. - Correct Answers: d. Weber. Through their research on human responses to physical stimuli, Helmholtz and Weber contributed to the new field of a. experimental ablation. b. perception. c. neurophysics. d. physiopsychology. e. psychophysics. - Correct Answers: e. psychophysics. Psychology as a science began in __________ in the __________. a. Germany; late nineteenth century b. France; middle nineteenth century c. England; early twentieth century d. the United States; early nineteenth century e. Canada; late nineteenth century - Correct Answers: a. Germany; late nineteenth century What was Wundt's approach to investigating psychological phenomena labeled by one of his students? a. Structuralism b. Functionalism c. Gestalt psychology d. Psychophysics e. Structural-functionalism - Correct Answers: a. Structuralism Which approach to psychology relies on the perspective that the mind consists of the elements of consciousness, such as ideas and sensations? a. Functionalism b. Gestalt psychology c. Humanistic psychology d. Structuralism e. Behaviorism - Correct Answers: d. Structuralism As Dr. Robbins presents stimuli to the participants in her study, she asks them to describe the elements of their perceptual responses. What is Dr. Robbins asking her participants to do? a. Conduct rational analysis b. Infer c. Report their unconscious observation d. Introspect e. Reflect - Correct Answers: d. Introspect Among Wundt's lasting contributions to psychology is a. the introduction of the functionalist perspective. b. the use of introspection to study the elements of complex perceptions. c. the establishment of psychology as a separate experimental science, independent of philosophy. d. the theory of psychic evolution. e. the introduction of the structuralist perspective. - Correct Answers: c. the establishment of psychology as a separate experimental science, independent of philosophy. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution had its greatest impact on which of the early schools of psychology? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. behaviorism d. Gestalt psychology e. humanistic psychology - Correct Answers: b. functionalism Structuralism is to __________ as functionalism is to __________. a. the elements of consciousness; the purpose of consciousness b. introspection; the consequences of behavior c. the purpose of consciousness; the elements of consciousness d. the physiological basis of behavior; the evolutionary basis of behavior e. unnobservable behavior; consciousness - Correct Answers: a. the elements of consciousness; the purpose of consciousness The emphasis of functionalism was squarely on a. understanding private mental events. b. discovering the physiological basis of consciousness. c. the biological significance of behavior. d. solving the mysteries of the unconscious mind. e. the relationship between the mind and body. - Correct Answers: c. the biological significance of behavior. Which psychologist is most closely associated with the rise of functionalism? a. James b. Watson c. Wundt d. Freud e. Baldwin - Correct Answers: a. James The study of mental operations, as opposed to the study of mental structures, is the way that James Angell defined a. psychology. b. behaviorism. c. Gestalt psychology. d. functionalism. e. structuralism. - Correct Answers: d. functionalism. James Angell's description of the basic principles of functionalism includes all of the following EXCEPT a. functionalism studies mental operations and their functions. b. mental processes are part of the biological activity of an organism. c. there is no meaningful distinction between mind and body. d. mental processes are a product of the organism's evolutionary history. e. functionalism studies unconscious as well as conscious mental activities. - Correct Answers: e. functionalism studies unconscious as well as conscious mental activities. Freud's approach to understanding human behavior was based on a. his own scientific research. b. Wundt's and James's writings on human behavior. c. his observation of patients. d. his negative reaction to Skinner's proposal that all human behavior is caused by e. applying the scientific method to large groups of subjects. environmental events. - Correct Answers: c. his observation of patients. Dr. Hardy is a follower of Freud's psychodynamic theory. Like Wundt he emphasizes __________, but unlike Wundt, he emphasizes __________. a. functions of the mind; unconscious processes b. the biological basis of behavior; the material basis of the mind c. introspective methodology; structures of the mind d. structures of the mind; functions of the mind e. organization of the mind; importance of information processing - Correct Answers: d. structures of the mind; functions of the mind Early North American psychologists, such as Baldwin and Calkins, placed heavy emphasis on a. laboratory experimentation and observation. b. philosophical foundations of psychology. c. psychology's relationship to the new social sciences. d. improving human welfare. e. a mixture of Wundtian and Freudian approaches. - Correct Answers: a. laboratory experimentation and observation. Thorndike formulated the law of effect while studying the behavior of a. college students. b. animals. c. factory workers. d. U.S. Navy personnel. e. children. - Correct Answers: b. animals. The law of effect was formulated by a. Pavlov. b. Thorndike. c. Watson. d. Skinner. e. Freud. - Correct Answers: b. Thorndike. Which of the following approaches to psychology rejected the idea that mental events are an appropriate subject matter for psychology? a. behaviorism b. structuralism c. Gestalt psychology d. functionalism e. cognitive psychology - Correct Answers: a. behaviorism The idea that behavior that produces a favorable outcome is likely to be repeated is embodied in the a. Baldwin effect. b. Pavlov's concept of psychic reflexes. c. doctrine of specific nerve energies. d. law of effect. e. structuralists' use of introspection. - Correct Answers: d. law of effect. Kathleen trains her dog by giving him a treat every time he obeys and scolding him when he disobeys. Her method of training is most closely related to a. functionalism. b. Pavlov's psychic reflexes. c. the doctrine of specific nerve energies. d. the law of effect. e. Gestalt principles of organization. - Correct Answers: d. the law of effect. Behaviorists after Thorndike rejected his mentalistic terminology, such as a. "satisfaction." b. "reinforcement." c. "stimulus." d. "conditioning." e. "punishment." - Correct Answers: a. "satisfaction." Pavlov a. collaborated with Thorndike in formulating the law of effect. b. is credited with founding behaviorism. c. was greatly influenced by Skinner's research on reinforcement. d. was not a psychologist. e. was a student of Wundt's. - Correct Answers: d. was not a psychologist. One of Watson's most enduring contributions to psychology was his a. application of technology to human behavioral problems. b. emphasis on objectivity in psychological research. c. invention of new laboratory techniques for measuring behavior. d. insistence that mental events are appropriate subjects for psychologists to study. e. discovery of the law of effect. - Correct Answers: b. emphasis on objectivity in psychological research. According to Margaret Floy Washburn, a. introspection could be considered a form of behavior. b. mental events will be forever inaccessible. c. with proper methods, all mental events can be shown to be brain events. d. behaviorism is more applicable to children than to adults. e. behaviorism is actually a form of structuralism. - Correct Answers: a. introspection could be considered a form of behavior. Which approach to psychology stresses positive growth and self-realization? a. Humanistic psychology b. Behaviorism c. Gestalt psychology d. Psychodynamic psychology e. Structuralism - Correct Answers: a. Humanistic psychology Humanistic psychology a. arose as a reaction against behaviorism and psychodynamic psychology. b. recognizes that scientific research is invaluable for understanding human consciousness. c. views people as the products of their environments and unconscious drives. d. is preoccupied with individuals who are mentally ill. e. is a research specialty rather than an applied specialty. - Correct Answers: a. arose as a reaction against behaviorism and psychodynamic psychology. Rosemary, a first-year graduate student in psychology, believes that human beings are capable of positive growth and can make their own choices. She is most likely to be attracted to the __________ approach to psychology. a. behaviorist b. Gestalt c. cognitive d. psychodynamic e. humanistic - Correct Answers: e. humanistic Of the following, what is the best English translation of the German word "Gestalt"? a. Unconscious perception b. Complete perception c. Unified form d. Shapeless form e. Incomplete form - Correct Answers: c. Unified form Which school of psychology emphasized the organization of cognitive processes rather than their elements? a. Humanistic psychology b. Gestalt psychology c. Cognitive psychology d. Structuralism e. Functionalism - Correct Answers: b. Gestalt psychology What do the methods used by cognitive psychologists have in common with those used by behaviorists? a. They are objective. b. They are introspective. c. They focus on understanding brain structure. d. They emerged from research using animals. e. They emphasize unconscious processes. - Correct Answers: a. They are objective. Dr. Das Gupta considers herself part of the "cognitive revolution." Like structuralists, her research focuses on __________ but like behaviorists she uses __________. a. subjective methods; information processing models b. elements of consciousness; objective methods c. introspection; the law of effect d. scientific methods; Gestalt principles e. mental structures; physiological methods - Correct Answers: b. elements of consciousness; objective methods The computer provides the primary model of the human brain for most __________ psychologists a. Gestalt b. humanistic c. behaviorist d. cognitive e. psychodynamic - Correct Answers: d. cognitive How do cognitive psychologists analyze mental events? a. As structures b. As brain activities c. As conscious behavior d. As information processing e. As unconscious events - Correct Answers: d. As information processing In your geography class, you memorize the locations of mountain ranges of the United States. If you are focused on the West coast, it will take you longer to think of the location of the Appalachians in the East than it will for you to think of the location of the Sierra- Nevadas in the West. This result strongly suggests that mental images are a. fragmented. b. scanned by the subject. c. fluid. d. largley unconscious. e. dynamic. - Correct Answers: b. scanned by the subject. The biological revolution in psychology was largely due to a. the cognitive revolution. b. advances in neurobiology. c. the rediscovery of Gestalt psychology. d. the reestablishment of Freudian theory. e. advances in behaviorism. - Correct Answers: b. advances in neurobiology. Donald Hebb believed that both behavior and mental phenomena could be related directly to a. environmental influences. b. information processing. c. self-realization. d. cognitive organization. e. brain activity. - Correct Answers: e. brain activity. In general, psychologists try to explain behavior by studying its a. causes. b. consequences. c. implications. d. meaning. e. context. - Correct Answers: a. causes. Cognitive neuroscientists frequently study a. insightful behavior. b. physiological reactions such as heart rate. c. the role of genetics in behavior. d. functions of the unconscious. e. the behavior of people with brain damage. - Correct Answers: e. the behavior of people with brain damage. To ensure objectivity, psychology depends on a. the mathematical model. b. the scientific method. c. historical precedent. d. logic. e. sociopolitical significance. - Correct Answers: b. the scientific method. Descartes reasoned that a. all reality could be divided into good and evil. b. the body's master gland was the pituitary. c. the mind and body interacted. d. to understand the mind, one had to understand God's will. e. materialism answered the mind-body question. - Correct Answers: c. the mind and body interacted. According to empiricism, knowledge comes through a. the study of consciousness. b. introspection and self-report. c. contemplation. d. philosophic debate. e. observation and experience. - Correct Answers: e. observation and experience. According to materialism, reality a. can be interpreted as responses to perceptual stimuli. b. is revealed through an understanding of the physical world, of which the mind is a part. c. is the harmonious interaction between mind, body, and environment. d. is an individual experience arising from consciousness. e. is the end product of social agreement. - Correct Answers: b. is revealed through an understanding of the physical world, of which the mind is a part. Johannes Müller is most closely associated with a. the doctrine of specific nerve energies. b. the doctrine of verification through replication. c. introspection. d. materialism. e. cognitive neuroscience. - Correct Answers: a. the doctrine of specific nerve energies. Pierre Flourens developed the method of experimental ablation a. to stimulate the cerebral cortex. b. to demonstrate the reversibility of brain damage. c. and began the field of psychophysics. d. to study the functions of different parts of the brain. e. to replicate Broca's discovery. - Correct Answers: d. to study the functions of different parts of the brain. Fritsch and Hitzig discovered that the body appeared to be "mapped" on the surface of the brain. They used the a. psychophysical method. b. doctrine of specific nerve energies. c. method of electrical brain stimulation. d. method of experimental ablation. e. law of effect. - Correct Answers: c. method of electrical brain stimulation. Helmholtz abandoned his attempt to measure the speed of a person's reaction to physical stimuli because a. there was too much individual variability. b. the testing procedure raised ethical issues. c. the Church objected to the study of the human mind. d. self reports proved more reliable. e. he lost his financial backing. - Correct Answers: a. there was too much individual variability. Germany was the birthplace of psychology, in part, because a. German tradition emphasized the humanities over the sciences. b. German scientists believed the mind could be studied scientifically. c. national rivalry encouraged them to compete with scientists in other countries. d. German scientists were exceptionally well trained in philosophical approaches to the e. functionalism was so well received by German academicians. study of the mind. - Correct Answers: b. German scientists believed the mind could be studied scientifically. Wundt's structuralism a. used the methods of experimental ablation and electrical stimulation developed a few years earlier. b. asserted that the proper subject matter of psychology was behavior, not the mind. c. was inspired by Darwin's functionalism. d. died out when the emphasis of psychological research turned toward the study of behavior in its own right. e. flourished in Germany but had no impact on American psychology. - Correct Answers: d. died out when the emphasis of psychological research turned toward the study of behavior in its own right. William James a. was a brilliant research scientist. b. formulated an influential and enduring theory of emotion. c. pioneered the field of behaviorism. d. based his theories on observations of patients. e. focused his work almost exclusively on animal research. - Correct Answers: b. formulated an influential and enduring theory of emotion. Thorndike is most closely associated with the a. concept of variable errors. b. first journal of psychology. c. law of effect. d. concept of multiple experiments. e. development of cognitive neuroscience. - Correct Answers: c. law of effect. Pavlov's research on digestion demonstrated a. the utility of electric shock as a stimulus. b. that animals can learn to respond to a previously neutral stimulus. c. that hunger is a more powerful drive than thirst. d. that digestion begins in the mouth when the food is mixed with saliva. e. the power of experimental ablation in research. - Correct Answers: b. that animals can learn to respond to a previously neutral stimulus. Behaviorists differed from functionalists in their belief that a. all mental events are available through introspection. b. behavior can be shaped more successfully through punishment than through c. evolution affected only the body, not behaviors. d. mental events were beyond the scope of psychology. e. animals were NOT acceptable research subjects in trying to understand human behavior. reinforcement. - Correct Answers: d. mental events were beyond the scope of psychology. Humanistic psychology stresses a. the powerful influence of the unconscious on human behavior. b. the positive sides of human nature and potential for growth. c. the codependence of man and nature. d. the validity of self report. e. repressed memories and the interpretation of dreams. - Correct Answers: b. the positive sides of human nature and potential for growth. Modern cognitive psychologists have demonstrated that a. behaviors based on mental images can be objectively measured. b. the experience of imagery can be shared. c. the ability to recognize images cannot be studied objectively. d. dualism is the most useful approach to the mind-body problem. e. structuralism was a more viable approach than functionalism. - Correct Answers: a. behaviors based on mental images can be objectively measured. According to the text, what makes psychology both exciting and confusing? a. That it is such an old discipline with so many unanswered questions b. That it is nearly impossible to arrive at general conclusions about so many unique patients c. That it is vitally important, yet highly limited in application d. That its most basic assumptions are so profound, yet nearly impossible to study e. That it is so diverse, complex, and rapidly changing scientifically - Correct Answers: e. That it is so diverse, complex, and rapidly changing scientifically Since research has shown that composite drawings of faces depend on __________, whereas our brains process memory of faces __________, eyewitness testimony is often problematic. a. irrefutable facts; with emotion laden recollections b. objective input; with prejudicial bias c. the ability of the law enforcement artist; from different and unique perspectives d. the memory of a face as a whole; first by eyes, then by mouth, then by nose e. separate isolated facial features; as complete units - Correct Answers: e. separate isolated facial features; as complete units What are each of us aware of having that we assume everyone else has as well? a. An animus or spirit b. Repressed memories c. Causal events d. Objectivity e. Consciousness - Correct Answers: e. Consciousness Rationalism is to __________ as empiricism is to __________. a. experience; reason b. experience; observation c. reason; truth d. reason; observation e. truth; reason - Correct Answers: d. reason; observation Which of the following are the best examples of opposites to each other? a. Dualism and rationalism b. Animism and empiricism c. Dualism and empiricism d. Rationalism and materialism e. Animism and materialism - Correct Answers: e. Animism and materialism Your friend wants to debate the scientific status of psychology with you. Having read Simonton's analysis, you place a bet with your friend. Which of the following is your best bet? a. Biology is equally as scientific as chemistry, and both have higher publication rates than b. Psychology and sociology are most similar when comparing how many times lecturers c. Physics and psychology are more similar than are chemistry and biology. d. The highest scientific status belongs to chemistry, and the lowest to psychology, when e. Psychology and biology are the most similar when comparing how many theories, laws, psychology. say "uh," "er," and "um." comparing lecture fluency. and publications each has. - Correct Answers: e. Psychology and biology are the most similar when comparing how many theories, laws, psychology. You overhear a fellow student say that she will never do well in mathematics because she did not get the "smart gene" and because her father always berated her for trying to understand numbers, since math and science belong to men. Her comment is an example of which doctrine? a. Free will b. Animism c. Empiricism d. Specific nerve energies e. Determinism - Correct Answers: e. Determinism In the early 1800s, physicians and educators began to emphasize improving people's lives in response to what incident? a. The development of Weber's psychophysics b. Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address during the American Civil War c. Montessori's famous debates with Thorndike d. Pinel's humane reformation of mental health care in France e. The discovery of Victor, the "Wild Boy of Aveyron" - Correct Answers: e. The discovery of Victor, the "Wild Boy of Aveyron" Regarding education, Itard and Montessori believed in __________ whereas Thorndike emphasized __________. a. extrinsic rewards; intrinsic rewards b. large class sizes; smaller class sizes c. a focus on tasks everyone needed to master; extrinsic rewards d. an individualized approach; intrinsic rewards e. an individualized approach; a focus on tasks everyone needed to master - Correct Answers: e. an individualized approach; a focus on tasks everyone needed to master How were Montessori and Piaget alike? a. They were both research assistants in Thorndike's laboratory. b. They both believed that extrinsic rewards encouraged children's education. c. Their contributions laid the foundation for the modern Western education system. d. They were both pure social scientists, meaning neither had formal education in life e. They both focused on children's developing cognitive abilities. science. - Correct Answers: e. They both focused on children's developing cognitive abilities. In the mid-1800s, if you had trouble remembering things, occasionally lost use of your arms or legs, and did not respond to pain properly, Charcot would likely have diagnosed you with __________ and treated you with __________. a. insanity; poetry readings b. insanity; hypnosis c. hysteria; poetry readings d. nervous disorder; long conversations e. hysteria; hypnosis - Correct Answers: e. hysteria; hypnosis Which of the following is the most accurate fortune cookie? a. "Confucius says, when the going gets tough, meditate." b. "Tzu says, when the going gets tough, hit a punching bag until you feel better." c. "Buddha says, when the going gets tough, you are alone." d. "Buddha says, the going never gets tough." e. "Confucius says, when the going gets tough, return to the family." - Correct Answers: e. "Confucius says, when the going gets tough, return to the family." When Barack Obama won the 2008 Presidential election, he referred to Abraham Lincoln's challenge to unify the nation. Which Asian philosophy was his purpose? a. Taoist reconciliation of contradiction b. Buddhist harmonious society c. Confucianist emptiness d. Buddhist reconciliation of contradiction e. Confucianist harmonious society - Correct Answers: e. Confucianist harmonious society The law of effect fits best with which of the earlier psychological traditions? a. Structuralism b. Voluntarism c. Functionalism d. Rationalism e. Psychodynamics - Correct Answers: c. Functionalism Which of the following is NOT a major type of scientific research? a. naturalistic observation b. experiments c. correlational studies d. hypothetical studies e. clinical observation - Correct Answers: d. hypothetical studies Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation? a. a researcher formally measuring two variables to see if they are related b. a researcher varying the levels of a drug to see if it affects a rat's behavior c. a researcher reading the results of a scientific publication d. a researcher watching two birds building a nest in a tree e. a researcher investigating whether rats learn a maze quicker after being reinforced - Correct Answers: d. a researcher watching two birds building a nest in a tree A researcher is measuring the length of time different couples were engaged before getting married and their reported levels of happiness with their marriage. In order to determine whether these two variables are related, which type of study will the researcher design? a. An experimental study b. A correlational study c. A naturalistic observation d. A case study e. Clinical observation - Correct Answers: b. A correlational study What is the set of rules that governs the general procedure of research? a. Hypothesis b. Theory c. The scientific method d. Operational definition e. Science - Correct Answers: c. The scientific method What is the first step of the scientific method? a. To design the study b. To collect data for the study c. To read the relevant literature on related experiments d. To formulate hypothetical relations among the variables e. To determine the subjects he or she would like to use in the experiment - Correct Answers: d. To formulate hypothetical relations among the variables Which type of research design is the only one that involves the manipulation of independent variables? a. Experiments b. Correlational studies c. Case studies d. Naturalistic observations e. Hypotheses - Correct Answers: a. Experiments Dr. Peters manipulates temperature in order to observe its effects on aggression. Which type of research design is Dr. Peters conducting? a. An experiment b. A correlational study c. A case study d. Naturalistic observation e. A hypothesis - Correct Answers: a. An experiment The determination of whether the results of a study are statistically significant occurs during which step of the scientific method? a. the communication of the results b. the evaluation of the hypothesis through examination of the data collected c. the design of the study d. conducting the study e. stating the hypothesized relationships between variables - Correct Answers: b. the evaluation of the hypothesis through examination of the data collected What is the most important reason scientists publicly report the results of their research? a. To become better known in their established fields b. To test their hypotheses c. To increase their research funding d. So others can use their findings in their own hypothesizing e. To win academic prizes. - Correct Answers: d. So others can use their findings in their own hypothesizing Professor Hargrove is interested in the causes of road rage. As part of his research, he is planning to manipulate the temperature inside a car and then measure whether the drivers become angry. Which step of the scientific method is he demonstrating? a. Formulating a hypothesis b. Designing an experiment c. Evaluating the results of a study d. Identifying the variables e. Communicating the results - Correct Answers: b. Designing an experiment An article in a psychology journal suggests that the major cause of road rage is work-related stress. What does this statement represent? a. A theory b. An observation c. A hypothesis d. A research objective e. A measurement - Correct Answers: c. A hypothesis What do scientists call a tentative statement about cause-and-effect relations between events? a. A theory b. An observation c. A hypothesis d. A research objective e. A measurement - Correct Answers: c. A hypothesis Which of the following does a theory NOT do? a. Replicate other theories b. Make new predictions c. Describe known facts d. Propose relations among variables e. Explain known facts - Correct Answers: a. Replicate other theories What makes a good theory good? a. It generates data to support it. b. It produces testable hypotheses. c. It cannot be disproved. d. It encourages scientists to think about it. e. It can solve real problems in the world. - Correct Answers: b. It produces testable hypotheses. Which of the following is an example of a theory that cannot be subjected to rigorous scientific testing? a. Hebb's theory of brain circuits b. Müller's theory (doctrine) of specific nerve energies c. Freud's theory of the conflict between mental structures d. Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning e. Thorndike's law of effect - Correct Answers: c. Freud's theory of the conflict between mental structures If you are interested in learning more about a certain kind of behavior, how might you reasonably begin? a. By forming a theory about its causes b. By forming a hypothesis about its causes c. By carefully observing it under natural conditions d. By conducting a correlational study e. By conducting an experimental study - Correct Answers: c. By carefully observing it under natural conditions Jane Goodall's research began when she entered the habitat of wild chimpanzees and simply watched them at length. What is this type of research called? a. Experimentation b. Correlation c. Hypothesis testing d. Manipulation of independent variables e. Naturalistic observation - Correct Answers: e. Naturalistic observation Support for Freud's psychodynamic theory came from lengthy descriptions of patients and his interactions with them. What is this type of research called? a. Naturalistic observation b. Experimentation c. Correlation d. Case studies e. Surveys - Correct Answers: d. Case studies Maria works for a company that specializes in consumer research. She telephones people and records their answers to a series of questions. What type of research is Maria conducting? a. Naturalistic b. Survey c. Case study d. Correlation e. Experimentation - Correct Answers: b. Survey Which variable is manipulated in an experiment? a. The relational variable b. The independent variable c. The causal variable d. The dependent variable e. The confounding variable - Correct Answers: b. The independent variable Which variable is measured in an experiment? a. The relational variable b. The independent variable c. The causal variable d. The dependent variable e. The confounding variable - Correct Answers: d. The dependent variable In an experiment, researchers manipulate the __________ of the __________ variable. a. value; dependent b. truth or falsity; dependent c. value; independent d. truth or falsity; independent e. strength; dependent - Correct Answers: c. value; independent In the hypothetical study described in the textbook on cell phones and simulated driving, what was the independent variable? a. Choosing who would be in which group b. The ability to drive without making errors c. The number of phone calls received d. Whether or not someone owned a cell phone e. The inability to drive without making errors - Correct Answers: c. The number of phone calls received Dr. McGlynn is conducting a study on the influence of exercise on reaction time. He allows subjects to exercise strenuously for either 0, 10, or 20 minutes. Next, subjects are seated at a table containing a red push button and a yellow light. Each subject is asked to push the button as soon as he or she sees the light flash. Dr. McGlynn measures the time it takes each subject to push the button after the light is lit. How many groups does this study involve? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. No groups are involved. - Correct Answers: c. 3 Dr. McGlynn is conducting a study on the influence of exercise on reaction time. He allows subjects to exercise strenuously for either 0, 10, or 20 minutes. Next, subjects are seated at a table containing a red push button and a yellow light. Each subject is asked to push the button as soon as he or she sees the light flash. Dr. McGlynn measures the time it takes each subject to push the button after the light is lit. How many experimental groups does this study involve? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. No groups are involved. - Correct Answers: b. 2 Dr. McGlynn is conducting a study on the influence of exercise on reaction time. He allows subjects to exercise strenuously for either 0, 10, or 20 minutes. Next, subjects are seated at a table containing a red push button and a yellow light. Each subject is asked to push the button as soon as he or she sees the light flash. Dr. McGlynn measures the time it takes each subject to push the button after the light is lit. What is the independent variable in this study? a. exercise b. the amount of time spent exercising c. the button d. the light e. reaction time - Correct Answers: b. the amount of time spent exercising Dr. McGlynn is conducting a study on the effects of exercise on reaction time. He allows subjects to exercise strenuously for either 0, 10, or 20 minutes. Next, subjects are seated at a table containing a red push button and a yellow light. Each subject is asked to push the button as soon as he or she sees the light flash. Dr. McGlynn measures the time it takes each subject to push the button after the light is lit. What is the dependent variable in this study? a. the amount of time spent exercising b. the color of the button c. pushing the button d. reaction time e. the color of the light - Correct Answers: d. reaction time Dr. McGlynn is conducting a study on the effects of exercise on reaction time. He allows subjects to exercise strenuously for either 0, 10, or 20 minutes. Next, subjects are seated at a table containing a red push button and a yellow light. Each subject is asked to push the button as soon as he or she sees the light flash. Dr. McGlynn measures the time it takes each subject to push the button after the light is lit. The experimental groups in this study a. did not exercise. b. exercised for 10 minutes. c. exercised for either 10 or 20 minutes. d. exercised for 0, 10, or 20 minutes. e. exercised for 20 minutes. - Correct Answers: c. exercised for either 10 or 20 minutes. Dr. McGlynn is conducting a study on the effects of exercise on reaction time. He allows subjects to exercise strenuously for either 0, 10, or 20 minutes. Next, subjects are seated at a table containing a red push button and a yellow light. Each subject is asked to push the button as soon as he or she sees the light flash. Dr. McGlynn measures the time it takes each subject to push the button after the light is lit. The control group in this study a. did not exercise. b. exercised for 10 minutes. c. exercised for either 10 or 20 minutes. d. exercised for 0, 10, or 20 minutes. e. exercised for 20 minutes. - Correct Answers: a. did not exercise. Dr. Chen is conducting a study at a restaurant on the effects of touch on positive responses. She arranged for servers to touch their customers on the arm 0, 2, or 4 times during the course of a meal. She then measured the amount of tips given to servers by their customers. The control group in this study was a. not touched. b. touched twice. c. touched four times. d. touched 0, 2, or 4 times. e. touched either 2 or 4 times. - Correct Answers: a. not touched. We commit the __________ fallacy when we mistakenly believe that we have explained an event by simply naming it. a. naming b. nominal c. explanatory d. descriptive e. experimental - Correct Answers: b. nominal Suppose that your roommate snaps at you just as you arrive at your apartment. She quickly apologizes saying, "I'm sorry, I'm just a bit grumpy today." Which of the following statements about your roommate is true? a. She has described and explained her behavior. b. Her grumpiness explains her behavior. c. Her snapping at you is due to her grumpiness. d. Her grumpiness does not explain her behavior. e. Her grumpiness causes her behavior. - Correct Answers: d. Her grumpiness does not explain her behavior. Dr. Kettle wants to know if the type of lighting (fluorescent or incandescent) under which participants read affects the number of pages of text they can read in one hour. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? a. The type of lighting b. The amount of light c. Fluorescent lighting d. Incandescent lighting e. The number of pages of text read in one hour - Correct Answers: e. The number of pages of text read in one hour Dr. Kettle wants to know if the type of lighting (fluorescent or incandescent) under which participants read affects the number of pages of text they can read in one hour. What is the independent variable in this experiment? a. The type of lighting b. The amount of light c. Fluorescent lighting d. Incandescent lighting e. The number of pages of text read in one hour - Correct Answers: a. The type of lighting Dr. Harem is studying the effects of drugs on memory. He gives his participants several lists of nonsense words. After the participants study a list for five minutes, he measures their memory ability by asking them to write down all the nonsense words that they can recall in two minutes. Which of the following statements about this study is true? a. The independent variable is the number of words that subjects can recall. b. Dr. Harem's study has one control group and two experimental groups. c. The control group in this study is given lists of nonsense words to memorize. d. Dr. Harem has operationally defined the variable of memory ability. e. The experiment is confounded by the use of nonsense words. - Correct Answers: d. Dr. Harem has operationally defined the variable of memory ability. An operational definition a. is a technique used to measure a dependent variable. b. guarantees that all subjects in a study will be treated equally. c. describes a variable by how it will be measured or manipulated. d. is a form of nominal fallacy. e. describes the effect of the independent variable. - Correct Answers: c. describes a variable by how it will be measured or manipulated. When operational definitions accurately represent the variables they are intended to define, they are said to be a. reliable. b. valid. c. objective. d. efficacious. e. scientific. - Correct Answers: b. valid. Suppose you conduct an experiment to study the effects of love on improving children's self-concept. To manipulate the variable of love, you arrange for a research assistant to hug each child after they have successfully completed a set of math problems. When the session is over, you ask the children if they felt loved during the study. They all say no. Apparently, your operational definition of the independent variable is a. unreliable. b. not operational. c. too subjective. d. uninterpretable. e. not objective. - Correct Answers: d. uninterpretable. Inadvertently allowing a variable to affect the value of the dependent variable is called __________ of variables. a. unreliability b. invalidity c. confounding d. correlating e. counterbalancing - Correct Answers: c. confounding Confounding of variables in an experiment renders the collected data a. invalid. b. unreliable. c. uncorrelated. d. insignificant. e. significant. - Correct Answers: a. invalid. Dr. Mabote wants to determine if a group of participants reading under incandescent light will read more pages of text in one hour than a group of participants reading under fluorescent light. She assigns students sitting at the front of the class to be in the "incandescent light" condition and students at the back of the class to be in the "fluorescent light" condition. In this experiment seating location is a. the independent variable. b. the dependent variable. c. a confounding variable. d. a valid variable. e. an operational definition. - Correct Answers: c. a confounding variable. Counterbalancing is used in experimental research to a. make the number of participants in the experimental and control groups equal. b. prevent habituation from influencing the dependent variable. c. control for differences among participant variables. d. make statistical analysis of the data simpler. e. ensure that participants learn during the experiment. - Correct Answers: b. prevent habituation from influencing the dependent variable. To prevent the order in which stimuli are presented to participants during an experiment from biasing the results, an experimenter should make sure that she or he uses a __________ procedure. a. counterbalancing b. matching c. randomization d. scatterplot e. correlational - Correct Answers: a. counterbalancing Dr. Clinton's experiment finds that his 20-year-old subjects, tested under cool temperatures, show little anger, whereas his 15-year-old subjects, tested under hot conditions, show significantly greater anger. In this experiment the two variables of age and temperature are a. matched. b. nonlinear. c. randomized. d. reliable. e. confounded. - Correct Answers: e. confounded. The major problem with the flawed "predator recognition" experiment described in the textbook involved the a. failure to assign subjects to groups in a random order. b. failure to provide an operational definition for the dependent variable. c. e