NURS 231 Portage Learning Pathophysiology
Module Exam 2 Questions with Answers
Neoplasiaa-acorrectaanswers-disorderaofaalteredacelladifferentiationaandagrowth
Neoplasma-acorrectaanswers-theanewagrowthathataoccursaasaaaresultaofaneoplasia
Proliferationa-acorrectaanswers---
processaofaincreasingacellanumbersabyamitoticacelladivision
Differentiationa-acorrectaanswers-
processainawhichacellsabecomeamoreaspecializedawithaeachamitoticadivision
Cellacyclea(figurea2.1)A-acorrectaanswers-G1A(firstagrowthaphase)
SA(dnaasynthesisaphase)
Toag2a(secondagrowthaphase)
MA(mitosis).
G1A-acorrectaanswers-(gapa1)
--dnaasynthesisastops
--cellaenlarges
--botharnaaandaproteinasynthesisabegin
Saphasea-acorrectaanswers---dnaasynthesisaoccurs
--producesatwoaseparateasetsaofachromosomes,aoneaforaeachadaughteracell.
G2A-acorrectaanswers-(gapa2)
--dnaasynthesisaagainastops
--RNA/proteinasynthesisacontinues
--firstathreea(G1,AS,AG2)aphasesaareareferredatoaasainterphase
Checkpointsa-acorrectaanswers---locatedaatatheaendaofaeachaofatheseaphasesa(G1,AS-
phase,aandag2)
--
meansaofamolecularasurveillanceausedatoaensureatheacellaisareadyatoaproceedatoatheanextap
hase
--
ifanot,atheacycleaisahaltedaandaallowedatoacompleteaitsareplicationaoraevenarepairaanyadnaada
magea(whenadetected),atherebyaensuringaallatheageneticainformationaisapassedaonacorrectl
y.
Maphasea-acorrectaanswers---
consistsaofamitosisa(dividingaupatheadna)aandacytoplasmicadivision
--
continuallyadividingacells,alikeatheaskin'sasquamousaepithelium,acontinueatoacycleafromaonea
mitoticadivisionatoatheanext,awhileasomeacellsagoaintoaaarestingastateaknownaasag0.A
--
aarestingaphasea(G0)amayaoccurawhenanutrientsaoragrowthafactorsaareaunavailableaorawhena
highlyaspecializedacellsafirstaleaveatheacellacycle.acellsainag0amayathenare-
enteratheacellacycleawhenanutrientsabecomeaavailable,aoratheacellareceivesastimuliaviaagrowt
, hafactors,Ahormones,aoraotherasignalsathatatriggeracellagrowth,asuchaasabloodalossaoratissueai
njury.A
--
Notably,ahighlyaspecializedaandaterminallyadifferentiatedacells,alikeaneurons,amayapermane
ntlyastayainag0.
3amainagroupsaofacellsathataproliferatea-acorrectaanswers-(1)Awell-
differentiatedaneuronsaandacellsaofaskeletalaandacardiacamusclesathatararelyadivideaandarep
roduce
(2)aprogenitoraoraparentacellsathatacontinueatoadivideaandareproduce,alikeablood,Askin,aandali
veracells
(3)aundifferentiatedastemacellsathatacanaenteratheacellacycleaandaproducealargeanumberaofap
rogenitoracellsaifaneeded.
Whataareaprogenitoracells?A-acorrectaanswers---
theamoreaspecializedacellsaareaunableatoadivide,asoatheyarelyaonaprogenitoraoraparentacellsao
fatheasamealineageathatahaveanotayetadifferentiatedatoatheaextentathatatheyahavealostatheiraab
ilityatoadivide
--
theyahaveaenoughadifferentiationasoatheadaughteracellsaarealimitedatoatheasameacellaline,abut
anotaquiteadifferentiatedaenoughatoaprohibitaactiveaproliferation
Benefitsaofatheastemacella-acorrectaanswers---remainadormantauntilatheyaareaneeded
--
whenaneeded,atheyacanadivide,aproduceaotherastemacells,aandacarryaoutatheafunctionsaofath
eadifferentiatedacell.A
--Self-
renewal:atheastemacellacanaundergoanumerousamitoticadivisionsawhileamaintainingaanaundif
ferentiatedastate
--Potency:adescribesatheadifferentiationapotentialaofastemacells
Knowatheadifferenceainaterminologyaofabenignaandamalignantatumorsaaccordingatoatissueaty
pes.areferatoatablea2.2.A-acorrectaanswers-tumorsaareatypicallyanamedabyaaddingatheasuffixa-
omaatoatheatissueatypeafromawhichatheagrowthaoriginates.acarcina=acancerousaoramalignant
Polypa-acorrectaanswers---
growthathataprojectsafromaaamucosalasurface,asuchaasatheaintestine
--canabeabenignaoramalignant.
Characteristicsaofabenignaneoplasmsa-acorrectaanswers---cellacharacteristics:Awell-
differentiatedacellsathataresembleacellsainatheatissueaofaorigin
--rateaofagrowth:aprogressiveaandaslow;amayastopaoraregress
--
modeaofagrowth:abyaexpansionawithoutainvadingasurroundingatissues;ausuallyaencapsulate
d
--metastasis:adoesanotaspreadabyametastasis
Characteristicsaofamalignantaneoplasmsa-acorrectaanswers---
cellacharacteristics:aundifferentiatedacells,aatypicalastructureathatadon'talookalikeacellsainatiss
ueaofaorigin
--rateaofagrowth:Avariable;agreateradifferentiation,amorearapidarateaofagrowth
--modeaofagrowth:abyainvasion,ainfiltratingatheasurroundingatissues
Module Exam 2 Questions with Answers
Neoplasiaa-acorrectaanswers-disorderaofaalteredacelladifferentiationaandagrowth
Neoplasma-acorrectaanswers-theanewagrowthathataoccursaasaaaresultaofaneoplasia
Proliferationa-acorrectaanswers---
processaofaincreasingacellanumbersabyamitoticacelladivision
Differentiationa-acorrectaanswers-
processainawhichacellsabecomeamoreaspecializedawithaeachamitoticadivision
Cellacyclea(figurea2.1)A-acorrectaanswers-G1A(firstagrowthaphase)
SA(dnaasynthesisaphase)
Toag2a(secondagrowthaphase)
MA(mitosis).
G1A-acorrectaanswers-(gapa1)
--dnaasynthesisastops
--cellaenlarges
--botharnaaandaproteinasynthesisabegin
Saphasea-acorrectaanswers---dnaasynthesisaoccurs
--producesatwoaseparateasetsaofachromosomes,aoneaforaeachadaughteracell.
G2A-acorrectaanswers-(gapa2)
--dnaasynthesisaagainastops
--RNA/proteinasynthesisacontinues
--firstathreea(G1,AS,AG2)aphasesaareareferredatoaasainterphase
Checkpointsa-acorrectaanswers---locatedaatatheaendaofaeachaofatheseaphasesa(G1,AS-
phase,aandag2)
--
meansaofamolecularasurveillanceausedatoaensureatheacellaisareadyatoaproceedatoatheanextap
hase
--
ifanot,atheacycleaisahaltedaandaallowedatoacompleteaitsareplicationaoraevenarepairaanyadnaada
magea(whenadetected),atherebyaensuringaallatheageneticainformationaisapassedaonacorrectl
y.
Maphasea-acorrectaanswers---
consistsaofamitosisa(dividingaupatheadna)aandacytoplasmicadivision
--
continuallyadividingacells,alikeatheaskin'sasquamousaepithelium,acontinueatoacycleafromaonea
mitoticadivisionatoatheanext,awhileasomeacellsagoaintoaaarestingastateaknownaasag0.A
--
aarestingaphasea(G0)amayaoccurawhenanutrientsaoragrowthafactorsaareaunavailableaorawhena
highlyaspecializedacellsafirstaleaveatheacellacycle.acellsainag0amayathenare-
enteratheacellacycleawhenanutrientsabecomeaavailable,aoratheacellareceivesastimuliaviaagrowt
, hafactors,Ahormones,aoraotherasignalsathatatriggeracellagrowth,asuchaasabloodalossaoratissueai
njury.A
--
Notably,ahighlyaspecializedaandaterminallyadifferentiatedacells,alikeaneurons,amayapermane
ntlyastayainag0.
3amainagroupsaofacellsathataproliferatea-acorrectaanswers-(1)Awell-
differentiatedaneuronsaandacellsaofaskeletalaandacardiacamusclesathatararelyadivideaandarep
roduce
(2)aprogenitoraoraparentacellsathatacontinueatoadivideaandareproduce,alikeablood,Askin,aandali
veracells
(3)aundifferentiatedastemacellsathatacanaenteratheacellacycleaandaproducealargeanumberaofap
rogenitoracellsaifaneeded.
Whataareaprogenitoracells?A-acorrectaanswers---
theamoreaspecializedacellsaareaunableatoadivide,asoatheyarelyaonaprogenitoraoraparentacellsao
fatheasamealineageathatahaveanotayetadifferentiatedatoatheaextentathatatheyahavealostatheiraab
ilityatoadivide
--
theyahaveaenoughadifferentiationasoatheadaughteracellsaarealimitedatoatheasameacellaline,abut
anotaquiteadifferentiatedaenoughatoaprohibitaactiveaproliferation
Benefitsaofatheastemacella-acorrectaanswers---remainadormantauntilatheyaareaneeded
--
whenaneeded,atheyacanadivide,aproduceaotherastemacells,aandacarryaoutatheafunctionsaofath
eadifferentiatedacell.A
--Self-
renewal:atheastemacellacanaundergoanumerousamitoticadivisionsawhileamaintainingaanaundif
ferentiatedastate
--Potency:adescribesatheadifferentiationapotentialaofastemacells
Knowatheadifferenceainaterminologyaofabenignaandamalignantatumorsaaccordingatoatissueaty
pes.areferatoatablea2.2.A-acorrectaanswers-tumorsaareatypicallyanamedabyaaddingatheasuffixa-
omaatoatheatissueatypeafromawhichatheagrowthaoriginates.acarcina=acancerousaoramalignant
Polypa-acorrectaanswers---
growthathataprojectsafromaaamucosalasurface,asuchaasatheaintestine
--canabeabenignaoramalignant.
Characteristicsaofabenignaneoplasmsa-acorrectaanswers---cellacharacteristics:Awell-
differentiatedacellsathataresembleacellsainatheatissueaofaorigin
--rateaofagrowth:aprogressiveaandaslow;amayastopaoraregress
--
modeaofagrowth:abyaexpansionawithoutainvadingasurroundingatissues;ausuallyaencapsulate
d
--metastasis:adoesanotaspreadabyametastasis
Characteristicsaofamalignantaneoplasmsa-acorrectaanswers---
cellacharacteristics:aundifferentiatedacells,aatypicalastructureathatadon'talookalikeacellsainatiss
ueaofaorigin
--rateaofagrowth:Avariable;agreateradifferentiation,amorearapidarateaofagrowth
--modeaofagrowth:abyainvasion,ainfiltratingatheasurroundingatissues
