Pathophysiology EXAM 4 UTA 2024 Questions and Correct Solutions

Pathophysiology EXAM 4 UTA 2024 Questions and Correct Solutions pituitary gland - Answer -The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary Is MASTER GLAND and regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. ACTH, TSH and ADH important in this unit. ACTH - Answer -Adrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates the action of adrenal gland to secrete glucocorticoids like cortisol. ADH - Answer -antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) that works on Kidney and smooth muscles. Part of RAAS. Causes vasoconstriction and reabsorption of H2O TSH - Answer -thyroid stimulating hormone that acts on the thyroid gland. Stimulates T3, T4, calcitonin and Thyroxine. Diabetes Insipidus - Answer -Caused by hyposecretion of ADH which causes little to no reabsorption of H2O. Results in polyuria, increased thirst, high B osmolarity which results in general signs of dehydration. diabetes insipidus etiology - Answer -Two possible 1. Kidneys no longer respond to ADH 2. Brain no longer secretion or lessening of secretions (maybe tumor or edema) SIADH - Answer -syndrome of inappropriate hyper antidiuretic hormone. That causes excess retention of water resulting in BP increase (increased stroke volume), generalized edema. SIADH etiology - Answer -1. Drugs--> especially anesthetics 2. Trauma; brain tumor etc... 3. Neoplastic disease ; ectopic production of hormone T3 and T4 function - Answer -metabolism Calcitonin function - Answer -Lowers blood calcium levels by triggering uptake in bones. Hyperthyroidism - Answer -excessive activity of the thyroid gland that can be due to cancer autoimmune dz or overactive pituitary. Hyperthyroidism autoimmune - Answer -Grave's dz Hyperthyroidism labs - Answer -T3, T4 and and TSHS/S of hyperthyroidism - Answer -Same as hypermetabolism... agitated, exopthalmus, nervous, diarrhea, hot, ^HR, ^BP, thin, hyperactive r thyrotoxic crisis - Answer -aka Thyroid storm- toxic condition characterized by hyperthermia, tachycardia, nervous symptoms, and rapid metabolism. Tx Hyperthyroid: - Answer -Thyroidectomy, meds-radioactive iodine or thioamide (inhibits incorp of I into hormones) Hypothyroidism etiology - Answer -low levels of thyroid hormone due to hypoactive thyroid gland from congenital defect, removal or destruction of arts of the gland autoimmune, endemic iodine deficiency. Hypothyroidism autoimmune - Answer -Hashimotos Hypothyroidism S/S - Answer -Same as hypometabolism ie, tired, sluggish Cold intolerant obese decreased hr, p, rr Hypothroidism labs - Answer -low T3/T4 High TSH Myxedema coma - Answer -extreme hypothyroidism(abrupt med cessation), rare with a high mortality rate = decreased cardiac output leads to decreased tissue perfusion which leads to brain and organ depletion leading to multi-organ failure Tx hypothyroidism - Answer -administration of thyroid hormones- levothyroxine or synthroid. DOSED IM MICROGRAMS Screening at birth is mandatory. Early detection is critical to prevent mental retardation. What hormones regulate calcium? - Answer -parathyroid hormone and calcitonin Osteoclasts are - Answer -cells that break down bone matrix Osteoblasts are - Answer -bone forming cells Osteoporosis - Answer -A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. Osteoblast activity cannot kep up with osteoclast. Calcium affects nervous tissue - Answer -Hypercalcemia causes depression of nervous system Hypocalcemia cause excitation of nervous systemCalcium affects clotting - Answer -Intermediary for clot calcium = diminished clotting ability Excess serum calcium levels - Answer -can result in kidney stones and hypoactivity of muscles Cushing's disease - Answer -Elevated cortisol and aldosterone leading to reuptake of water and NA and stress response. Two components of cushings - Answer -1. Hypercortisolism