BIO 1201 FINAL - GREGG lSU WITH 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS YEAR 2024/2025
how do animals cells communicate through direct contact? -
verified answers-cell junctions connecting the cytoplasms or
cell - cell recognition from molecules protruding from surface of
cell attaching to one another
describe paracrine signaling - verified answers--The
transmitting cell secretes the local regulator (chemical signal)
into the fluid surrounding the cells of a tissue.
-The local regulator diffuses across the liquid.
-The local regulator binds to protein receptors at the cell
surface of the target cells.
-The target cells respond.
describe synaptic signaling - verified answers--A nerve cell
releases a neurotransmitter into the synapse.
(A synapse is the space or gap between two nerve cells)
-The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse to reach the
target cell.
-The neurotransmitter binds to receptor proteins at the surface
of the target cell.
how does long distance signaling work? - verified answers-
through hormones that travel through the blood stream. also
called endocrine signaling
what are the 3 stages of cell signaling? - verified answers-1.
Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response
describe reception in cell signaling - verified answers-target cell
detects signaling molecule that binds to receptor protein on cell
surface
,describe transduction in cell signaling - verified answers-
binding of signaling molecule alters receptor and initiates a
signal transduction pathway
describe response in cell signaling - verified answers-
transduced signal triggers response in target cell
what is a ligand? - verified answers-any molecule that binds
specifically to a receptor site of another molecule (signal
molecule)
what are signal receptors? - verified answers-plasma
membrane proteins that change their shape or activity after
binding to a signaling molecule
describe process of G protein - coupled receptors - verified
answers-1. signal binds to receptor
2.GTP replaces GDP on G protein making it activated
3. G protein binds to adenylyl cyclase
4. enzyme is activated and triggers response
5. g protein hydrolyzes and goes back to GDP and inactive
describe process of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) - verified
answers-1. signal molecules cause RTK's to get next to each
other and create a dimer
2. tyrosine kinase adds phosphate from ATP to tyrosine in tail
of other monomer
3. TK recognized by certain relay proteins
4. Response
describe how ligand-gated ion channels work - verified
answers-1. signaling molecules bind, channel changes shape
2. channel opens = specific ions come into cell
3. ion concentration difference causes change in cell activity
, describe how intracellular receptors work - verified answers-1.
molecule goes directly through the memebrane and binds with
receptor
2. receptor goes into nucleus and binds with genes
what is phosphorylation? - verified answers-the addition of a
phosphate group to a molecule
what is dephosphorylation? - verified answers-removal of a
phosphate group
what does protein kinases do? - verified answers-transfer
phosphates from ATP to protein (adds Phosphate)
what is a phosphorylation cascade? - verified answers-Many
relay molecules in signal transduction pathways are protein
kinases acting on other protein kinases
what is the enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP? - verified
answers-adenylyl cyclase
describe how cAMP works as a second messenger - verified
answers-1. signal molecule activates GPCR receptor
2. G protein activates converting GDP to GTP
3. G protein activates adenylyl cyclase converting ATP to cAMP
4. cAMP diffuses thru cells and triggers further steps in
signaling pathway
describe calcium ions (CA) as 2nd messengers - verified
answers-1. signal messenger binds to receptor activating
phospholipase C
2. phospholipase C splits a phospholipid molecule to get
inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG (not used)
3. IP3 docks with IP3 channel in membrane of ER
4. gate opens and CA ions let out and activate enzyme that
carry out cellular response
VERIFIED ANSWERS YEAR 2024/2025
how do animals cells communicate through direct contact? -
verified answers-cell junctions connecting the cytoplasms or
cell - cell recognition from molecules protruding from surface of
cell attaching to one another
describe paracrine signaling - verified answers--The
transmitting cell secretes the local regulator (chemical signal)
into the fluid surrounding the cells of a tissue.
-The local regulator diffuses across the liquid.
-The local regulator binds to protein receptors at the cell
surface of the target cells.
-The target cells respond.
describe synaptic signaling - verified answers--A nerve cell
releases a neurotransmitter into the synapse.
(A synapse is the space or gap between two nerve cells)
-The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse to reach the
target cell.
-The neurotransmitter binds to receptor proteins at the surface
of the target cell.
how does long distance signaling work? - verified answers-
through hormones that travel through the blood stream. also
called endocrine signaling
what are the 3 stages of cell signaling? - verified answers-1.
Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response
describe reception in cell signaling - verified answers-target cell
detects signaling molecule that binds to receptor protein on cell
surface
,describe transduction in cell signaling - verified answers-
binding of signaling molecule alters receptor and initiates a
signal transduction pathway
describe response in cell signaling - verified answers-
transduced signal triggers response in target cell
what is a ligand? - verified answers-any molecule that binds
specifically to a receptor site of another molecule (signal
molecule)
what are signal receptors? - verified answers-plasma
membrane proteins that change their shape or activity after
binding to a signaling molecule
describe process of G protein - coupled receptors - verified
answers-1. signal binds to receptor
2.GTP replaces GDP on G protein making it activated
3. G protein binds to adenylyl cyclase
4. enzyme is activated and triggers response
5. g protein hydrolyzes and goes back to GDP and inactive
describe process of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) - verified
answers-1. signal molecules cause RTK's to get next to each
other and create a dimer
2. tyrosine kinase adds phosphate from ATP to tyrosine in tail
of other monomer
3. TK recognized by certain relay proteins
4. Response
describe how ligand-gated ion channels work - verified
answers-1. signaling molecules bind, channel changes shape
2. channel opens = specific ions come into cell
3. ion concentration difference causes change in cell activity
, describe how intracellular receptors work - verified answers-1.
molecule goes directly through the memebrane and binds with
receptor
2. receptor goes into nucleus and binds with genes
what is phosphorylation? - verified answers-the addition of a
phosphate group to a molecule
what is dephosphorylation? - verified answers-removal of a
phosphate group
what does protein kinases do? - verified answers-transfer
phosphates from ATP to protein (adds Phosphate)
what is a phosphorylation cascade? - verified answers-Many
relay molecules in signal transduction pathways are protein
kinases acting on other protein kinases
what is the enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP? - verified
answers-adenylyl cyclase
describe how cAMP works as a second messenger - verified
answers-1. signal molecule activates GPCR receptor
2. G protein activates converting GDP to GTP
3. G protein activates adenylyl cyclase converting ATP to cAMP
4. cAMP diffuses thru cells and triggers further steps in
signaling pathway
describe calcium ions (CA) as 2nd messengers - verified
answers-1. signal messenger binds to receptor activating
phospholipase C
2. phospholipase C splits a phospholipid molecule to get
inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG (not used)
3. IP3 docks with IP3 channel in membrane of ER
4. gate opens and CA ions let out and activate enzyme that
carry out cellular response
