APSY338 Final Exam Questions With 100%
Complete Solutions
elimination disorders - ANSWER - not being able to hold your bowels
- happens mostly in kids, uncommon in adults
main problems resulting in intellectual disability - ANSWER two main problems (one
resulting from other):
1. fundamental deficit in ability to think
- abstract judgment, planning, problem solving, reasoning, learning
- overall IQ is well below average (below 70)
2. ability to adapt to demands of normal life is seriously impaired
- problems with adaptation are required for the diagnosis (school, work, home with
family)
- conceptual (skills from schooling), social (communication), and practical (regulating
behavior)
mild ID - ANSWER - 85% of ID population
- can generally learn reading, writing, and math skills between third-and-sixth grade
levels
- may have jobs and live independently
moderate ID - ANSWER - 10% of ID population
- may be able to learn some basic reading and writing
- able to learn functional skills such as safety and self-help
- require some type of oversight/supervision
severe ID - ANSWER - 5% of ID population
- probably not able to read or write, although they may learn self-help skills and routines
- require supervision in their daily activities and living environment
profound ID - ANSWER - 1% of ID population
- require intensive support
,- may be able to communicate by verbal or other means
- may have medical conditions that require ongoing nursing and therapy
prof. ex. of ID from class - ANSWER - first child was high achieving and neurotypical
- second child had what he thinks is profound ID, in diapers and strollers at five years
old, had tantrums, etc.
- at 15, still in a stroller and a diaper, still couldn't speak or care for herself
- third child was also fine
main features of ID - ANSWER - onset is often in infancy, but problems show up in
childhood and beyond
- various behavioral problems:
- aggression, dependency, impulsivity, passivity, stubbornness, poor frustration
tolerance
- gullibility and naïveté (risk for exploitation by others)
- may appear normal, others have obvious physical characteristics (short stature,
seizures, malformed eyes, ears, or other parts of face)
cause of ID - ANSWER - genetics: 5% of cases
- environment and exposure to toxins: 25% of cases
- no identifiable cause: 30%
phenylketonia (PKU) - ANSWER - missing enzyme to break down phenylalanine, so it
builds up (that enzyme breaks down protein, and when protein builds up it impacts
neurological development)
- 100% preventable with diet
- tested at birth
- 1 in 10,000-15,000 in US
tay-sachs disease - ANSWER - metabolic disorder due to the absence of a vital enzyme
(hexosaminidase A or Hex A)
- lipids accumulate in nerve cells
- gradually lose sight, hearing, and swallowing abilities
- death before age 5
- most common among jewish descent, new research shows possibly irish as well
,- no treatments available
fragile X syndrome - ANSWER - transmitted through the fragile X gene on the X
chromosome
- most common in males (females have another X to compensate for one being bad)
- physical features: long head, large ears, flat nose, double jointed, gangly limbs
- mild-to-mod ID
- 1 in 4,000 males / 1 in 8,000 females
- ADHD comorbidity (restlessness, fidgety, etc.)
downs syndrome - ANSWER - caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome
- 1 in 700 births
- characteristic facial structure
- developed early on, fated to live in institutions
environmental causes of ID - ANSWER - prenatal disease (rubella: german measles)
- difficult delivery (umbilical cord around neck, breach, being deprived of oxygen)
- premature birth
- prenatal substance abuse
- failure to thrive (not taking milk from mother or bottle)
- exposure to toxins (lead, chemicals)
fetal alcohol syndrome - ANSWER - 100% preventable
- leading cause of ID
- 10% of women drink while pregnant globally
- 7.7-20 per 1,000 births globally (lower in US)
- characteristic set of facial abnormalities
- cerebellar ataxia (problems with balance, gait, eye movements)
interventions for ID - ANSWER - no cure, but some are preventable
- mainstreaming (not putting them in special classes, instead getting them integrated
into classrooms with other peers that don't have ID)
- behavioral interventions involving family (skills training, behavioral training, how to
, manage outbursts and behaviors)
- early interventions are very important
autism spectrum disorder def - ANSWER - a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental
disorder with widely varying degrees and manifestations
ASD 3 categories - ANSWER - communication deficits
- social deficits
- motor behavior deficits
communication deficits ASD - ANSWER - use of speech
- fail to use nonverbal body language to communicate
- may not understand humor
- trouble initiating and sustaining a conversation
- may talk to themselves
- ask questions over and over again, even if they receive an answer
social deficits ASD - ANSWER - development lags behind peers
- shows up around 6 months of age
- no eye contact, smiling reciprocally, or cuddling
- baby will arch away from parent's embrace and stare into space
- toddlers don't point to objects or play with other children
- they may not stretch out their arms to be picked up or show the normal anxiety at
separation from parents
- often show tantrums and aggression
motor behavior deficits - ANSWER - motor milestones often show up on time (ie. walking,
crawling, etc.)
- the types of behavior are problematic:
- compulsive or ritualistic actions (called stereotyping)
- suck on toys vs. using them for play
- preoccupation with parts of objects
- resist change, adhere rigidly to routines
Complete Solutions
elimination disorders - ANSWER - not being able to hold your bowels
- happens mostly in kids, uncommon in adults
main problems resulting in intellectual disability - ANSWER two main problems (one
resulting from other):
1. fundamental deficit in ability to think
- abstract judgment, planning, problem solving, reasoning, learning
- overall IQ is well below average (below 70)
2. ability to adapt to demands of normal life is seriously impaired
- problems with adaptation are required for the diagnosis (school, work, home with
family)
- conceptual (skills from schooling), social (communication), and practical (regulating
behavior)
mild ID - ANSWER - 85% of ID population
- can generally learn reading, writing, and math skills between third-and-sixth grade
levels
- may have jobs and live independently
moderate ID - ANSWER - 10% of ID population
- may be able to learn some basic reading and writing
- able to learn functional skills such as safety and self-help
- require some type of oversight/supervision
severe ID - ANSWER - 5% of ID population
- probably not able to read or write, although they may learn self-help skills and routines
- require supervision in their daily activities and living environment
profound ID - ANSWER - 1% of ID population
- require intensive support
,- may be able to communicate by verbal or other means
- may have medical conditions that require ongoing nursing and therapy
prof. ex. of ID from class - ANSWER - first child was high achieving and neurotypical
- second child had what he thinks is profound ID, in diapers and strollers at five years
old, had tantrums, etc.
- at 15, still in a stroller and a diaper, still couldn't speak or care for herself
- third child was also fine
main features of ID - ANSWER - onset is often in infancy, but problems show up in
childhood and beyond
- various behavioral problems:
- aggression, dependency, impulsivity, passivity, stubbornness, poor frustration
tolerance
- gullibility and naïveté (risk for exploitation by others)
- may appear normal, others have obvious physical characteristics (short stature,
seizures, malformed eyes, ears, or other parts of face)
cause of ID - ANSWER - genetics: 5% of cases
- environment and exposure to toxins: 25% of cases
- no identifiable cause: 30%
phenylketonia (PKU) - ANSWER - missing enzyme to break down phenylalanine, so it
builds up (that enzyme breaks down protein, and when protein builds up it impacts
neurological development)
- 100% preventable with diet
- tested at birth
- 1 in 10,000-15,000 in US
tay-sachs disease - ANSWER - metabolic disorder due to the absence of a vital enzyme
(hexosaminidase A or Hex A)
- lipids accumulate in nerve cells
- gradually lose sight, hearing, and swallowing abilities
- death before age 5
- most common among jewish descent, new research shows possibly irish as well
,- no treatments available
fragile X syndrome - ANSWER - transmitted through the fragile X gene on the X
chromosome
- most common in males (females have another X to compensate for one being bad)
- physical features: long head, large ears, flat nose, double jointed, gangly limbs
- mild-to-mod ID
- 1 in 4,000 males / 1 in 8,000 females
- ADHD comorbidity (restlessness, fidgety, etc.)
downs syndrome - ANSWER - caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome
- 1 in 700 births
- characteristic facial structure
- developed early on, fated to live in institutions
environmental causes of ID - ANSWER - prenatal disease (rubella: german measles)
- difficult delivery (umbilical cord around neck, breach, being deprived of oxygen)
- premature birth
- prenatal substance abuse
- failure to thrive (not taking milk from mother or bottle)
- exposure to toxins (lead, chemicals)
fetal alcohol syndrome - ANSWER - 100% preventable
- leading cause of ID
- 10% of women drink while pregnant globally
- 7.7-20 per 1,000 births globally (lower in US)
- characteristic set of facial abnormalities
- cerebellar ataxia (problems with balance, gait, eye movements)
interventions for ID - ANSWER - no cure, but some are preventable
- mainstreaming (not putting them in special classes, instead getting them integrated
into classrooms with other peers that don't have ID)
- behavioral interventions involving family (skills training, behavioral training, how to
, manage outbursts and behaviors)
- early interventions are very important
autism spectrum disorder def - ANSWER - a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental
disorder with widely varying degrees and manifestations
ASD 3 categories - ANSWER - communication deficits
- social deficits
- motor behavior deficits
communication deficits ASD - ANSWER - use of speech
- fail to use nonverbal body language to communicate
- may not understand humor
- trouble initiating and sustaining a conversation
- may talk to themselves
- ask questions over and over again, even if they receive an answer
social deficits ASD - ANSWER - development lags behind peers
- shows up around 6 months of age
- no eye contact, smiling reciprocally, or cuddling
- baby will arch away from parent's embrace and stare into space
- toddlers don't point to objects or play with other children
- they may not stretch out their arms to be picked up or show the normal anxiety at
separation from parents
- often show tantrums and aggression
motor behavior deficits - ANSWER - motor milestones often show up on time (ie. walking,
crawling, etc.)
- the types of behavior are problematic:
- compulsive or ritualistic actions (called stereotyping)
- suck on toys vs. using them for play
- preoccupation with parts of objects
- resist change, adhere rigidly to routines
