VPHY 3100 - Cardiology Test With 100%
Correct Solutions
What are the primary functions of the CV system - ANSWER transport, buffering,
defense, clotting
What does blood transport - ANSWER ions, hormones, gases/nutrients/waste
How do ions travel in the blood - ANSWER freely; they are polar and hydrophilic, and
since blood is water based, they can move freely
How do hormones travel in the blood - ANSWER they travel freely because they are
hydrophilic; they leave endocrine cells by exocytosis because they cannot pass through
those lipid membranes (lipophobic)
What does blood transport (that the body needs) - ANSWER water, glucose, amino
acids, and oxygen that the cells need
What does the blood transport (as waste) - ANSWER wastes and CO2 that the cells do
not want
How does the blood transport O2 and CO2 - ANSWER heme makes up hemoglobin
(made of iron) which makes up erythrocytes (red blood cells)
What is hypoxia? What does it do to RBC count? - ANSWER low oxygen levels; it
increases RBC count because it stimulates the production of new RBCs from the bone
marrow
What is blood doping - ANSWER injecting RBCs to increase oxygen levels before
exercise or athletic activity
What is vasodilation? How does it help the blood buffer? - ANSWER in high temperature
situations, vessels expand closer to the surface to release heat
How does blood buffer the pH range of the body - ANSWER it controls the fluctuation of
carbon dioxide and water <-> carbonic acid <-> H ion and bicarbonate ion
What part of the blood controls defense - ANSWER white blood cells protect against
bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, and dead tissues
What are the types of white blood cells - ANSWER granulocytes (includes neutrophil,
eosinophil, and basophil) and agranulocytes (which includes lymphocytes to produce
immune responses and monocytes to fight of bacteria/fungi/viruses)
How is clotting helpful - ANSWER prevent blood loss
, How is clotting harmful - ANSWER can obstruct blood flow
How does blood clot? - ANSWER (1) VASCULAR SPASM - after injury occurs, smooth
muscle around the vessel contracts to restrict blood flow (2) PLATELET PLUG
FORMATION - collagen fibers within the vessel wall are exposed and platelets start to
adhere to the site of the injury (3) COAGULATION - a mesh like network of fibrin strands
forms over the injury trapping blood cells and platelets to form a clot
what are platelets - ANSWER fragments of megakaryocytes (megakaryocytes are in the
nucleus and contain multiple DNA copies) that break off and attach to RBCs, release
chemicals that enhance their stickiness and facilitate plug formation
What is plasma vs formed elements - ANSWER plasma is mostly water, proteins, ions,
organic nutrients, and waste; formed elements are erythrocytes (red blood cells),
leucocytes (white blood cells), and platelets
What makes up the Buffy layer - ANSWER white blood cells and platelets
What are the plasma proteins - ANSWER albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and regulatory
proteins
What are the other solutes in plasma - ANSWER electrolytes, organic nutrients, and
organic wastes
What are examples of leukocytes - ANSWER neutrophils and lymphocytes
What is the relationship between pressure and resistance related to blood flow -
ANSWER if pressure exceeds resistance, blood will flow from areas of high areas of
pressure to low areas of pressure
Blood flow is _____ and _____ prevent backflow - ANSWER unidirectional, valves
In vasoconstriction, as volume ______, pressure _______ - ANSWER decreases, increases
What are the 2 pumps of the heart - ANSWER the heart is a double pump, including to
the lungs (the pulmonary circuit) and to the head, neck, and arms (capillary/systematic
network)
_____ contract before _____ - ANSWER atria, ventricles
What is diastole? What is systole - ANSWER diastole is relaxation (fills with blood),
systole is contraction (pushes blood out)
What is the relationship between valves being closed and pressure - ANSWER if a valve
is closed, this means the pressure in the post valve position is higher than the pressure
in the pre valve position; therefore it would be closed to block back flow
Which systole is longer? Which diastole? - ANSWER atrial diastole is longer, ventricle
systole is longer
Correct Solutions
What are the primary functions of the CV system - ANSWER transport, buffering,
defense, clotting
What does blood transport - ANSWER ions, hormones, gases/nutrients/waste
How do ions travel in the blood - ANSWER freely; they are polar and hydrophilic, and
since blood is water based, they can move freely
How do hormones travel in the blood - ANSWER they travel freely because they are
hydrophilic; they leave endocrine cells by exocytosis because they cannot pass through
those lipid membranes (lipophobic)
What does blood transport (that the body needs) - ANSWER water, glucose, amino
acids, and oxygen that the cells need
What does the blood transport (as waste) - ANSWER wastes and CO2 that the cells do
not want
How does the blood transport O2 and CO2 - ANSWER heme makes up hemoglobin
(made of iron) which makes up erythrocytes (red blood cells)
What is hypoxia? What does it do to RBC count? - ANSWER low oxygen levels; it
increases RBC count because it stimulates the production of new RBCs from the bone
marrow
What is blood doping - ANSWER injecting RBCs to increase oxygen levels before
exercise or athletic activity
What is vasodilation? How does it help the blood buffer? - ANSWER in high temperature
situations, vessels expand closer to the surface to release heat
How does blood buffer the pH range of the body - ANSWER it controls the fluctuation of
carbon dioxide and water <-> carbonic acid <-> H ion and bicarbonate ion
What part of the blood controls defense - ANSWER white blood cells protect against
bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, and dead tissues
What are the types of white blood cells - ANSWER granulocytes (includes neutrophil,
eosinophil, and basophil) and agranulocytes (which includes lymphocytes to produce
immune responses and monocytes to fight of bacteria/fungi/viruses)
How is clotting helpful - ANSWER prevent blood loss
, How is clotting harmful - ANSWER can obstruct blood flow
How does blood clot? - ANSWER (1) VASCULAR SPASM - after injury occurs, smooth
muscle around the vessel contracts to restrict blood flow (2) PLATELET PLUG
FORMATION - collagen fibers within the vessel wall are exposed and platelets start to
adhere to the site of the injury (3) COAGULATION - a mesh like network of fibrin strands
forms over the injury trapping blood cells and platelets to form a clot
what are platelets - ANSWER fragments of megakaryocytes (megakaryocytes are in the
nucleus and contain multiple DNA copies) that break off and attach to RBCs, release
chemicals that enhance their stickiness and facilitate plug formation
What is plasma vs formed elements - ANSWER plasma is mostly water, proteins, ions,
organic nutrients, and waste; formed elements are erythrocytes (red blood cells),
leucocytes (white blood cells), and platelets
What makes up the Buffy layer - ANSWER white blood cells and platelets
What are the plasma proteins - ANSWER albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and regulatory
proteins
What are the other solutes in plasma - ANSWER electrolytes, organic nutrients, and
organic wastes
What are examples of leukocytes - ANSWER neutrophils and lymphocytes
What is the relationship between pressure and resistance related to blood flow -
ANSWER if pressure exceeds resistance, blood will flow from areas of high areas of
pressure to low areas of pressure
Blood flow is _____ and _____ prevent backflow - ANSWER unidirectional, valves
In vasoconstriction, as volume ______, pressure _______ - ANSWER decreases, increases
What are the 2 pumps of the heart - ANSWER the heart is a double pump, including to
the lungs (the pulmonary circuit) and to the head, neck, and arms (capillary/systematic
network)
_____ contract before _____ - ANSWER atria, ventricles
What is diastole? What is systole - ANSWER diastole is relaxation (fills with blood),
systole is contraction (pushes blood out)
What is the relationship between valves being closed and pressure - ANSWER if a valve
is closed, this means the pressure in the post valve position is higher than the pressure
in the pre valve position; therefore it would be closed to block back flow
Which systole is longer? Which diastole? - ANSWER atrial diastole is longer, ventricle
systole is longer
