EXAM #3
Units 8-10
Chapters 42, 48, and 41
CHAPTER 42: FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID BASE
BALANCE:
COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING:
➔ cellular fluid contains electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, amd have a
degree of acidity
➔ fluid and electrolyte imbalances help maintain the health and function of all
body systems
➔ fluid is inside the cells and surrounds all the cells in the body contain
electrolytes and also have a degree of acidity
➔ fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances within the body maintain the health
and function of all body systems
CHARACTERISTICS OF BODY FLUIDS: VOPE*
➔ fluid amount (volume)
➔ fluid concentration (osmolality)
➔ degree of acidity (ph)
➔ fluid composition (electrolyte concentration)
LOCATION AND MOVEMENT OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES:
➔ water is a substantial portion of our body weight
➔ 60% of our body weight is water, decreases with age
◆ also decreases with women and obese people because fat contains
less water than muscle
1
,FLUID DISTRIBUTION:
➔ Fluid: water that contains dissolved or suspended substances, such as:
glucose, mineral salts, and proteins
➔ most of my body is inside
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) Extracellular Fluid
fluid inside the cell fluid outside of the cell
⅔ total body water ⅓ total body water
DISTRIBUTION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID:
➔ 2 Major Divisions:
◆ Intravascular Fluid: located in our blood vessels, the liquid part of our
blood (i.e. plasma)
◆ Interstitial Fluid: located in the tissues between the cells and our blood
vessels and outside of our blood vessels
➔ 1 Minor Division:
◆ Transcellular Fluid: cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid,
and synovial fluids (special fluids)
● these are secreted by epithelial cells
COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS:
2
, ➔ fluids contain electrolytes; where fluids flow, electrolytes will go
➔ Electrolyte: a compound that separates into ions (charged particles) when
dissolved in water
◆ Cations: positively charged ions
● SILLY PIGS MAKE CAKES (Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium,
Calcium)
◆ Anions: negatively charged ions
● CSP (Sodium Bicarbonate (NACO3) Chloride, Phosphate (PO4)
➔ Cations like Sodium (Na) and Anions like Chlorine (Cl) combine to form salts
(NaCl), and when are placed in water, separate
TONICITY OF A SOLUTION:
➔ a fluid containing a large number of dissolved particles is more concentrated
➔ Osmolality of a fluid: the number of particles per kg of water (concentration)
➔ Tonicity: the number of particles that cannot cross membranes easily
(effective concentration)
Hypotonic Solution: Isotonic Solution: Hypertonic Solution:
solution is more dilute fluid within the cell has solution is more
and more concentrated the same tonicity as concentrated inside of the
outside of the cell normal blood cell
cell swells (HIPPO) cell remains the same cell shrinks
MOVEMENT OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES TO MAINTAIN
OSMOLALITY:
1. Active Transport: cells use ATP to move against the concentration gradient
a. low to high
b. ex.) Sodium Potassium Pump moves Na out of cell and K into cell
i. Sodium, Sodium Bicarb, and Chloride are higher in ECF
ii. Potassium, Magnesium, and Phosphate are higher in ICF
2. Diffusion: passive movement down a concentration gradient
a. solutes will move high to low until concentration is same
b. however, to move across membranes, need proteins that serve as ion
channels
3
, i. ion channels play an important role in muscle and nerve function
3. Osmosis: how water passively moves across the cell membrane, not easily
permeable to particles, will continue until isotonic
a. Semi Permeable Membrane: separates the Interstitial Fluid (ECF) from
ICF
b. water moves into whatever
compartment has the higher
osmotic pressure (more
particles), until the
concentration is equal
c. Osmotic Pressure: inward
pulling force caused by
PARTICLES in the fluid (same)
i. Intracellular Fluid
Osmotic Pressure:
particles inside the cell
pulling water into the cell
ii. Interstitial Fluid Osmotic
Pressure: particles
outside the cell pull water out of the cell
iii. Hypotonic Solution is administered through IV, this dilutes the
interstitial fluid, decreasing the Interstitial Fluid Osmotic
Pressure below the Intracellular Osmotic Pressure, making water
flow into the cell, SWELL
iv. Hypertonic Solution is administered through IV, this
concentrates the interstitial fluid, increasing the Interstitial Fluid
Osmotic Pressure higher than the Intracellular Osmotic Pressure,
making water leave the cell, SHRINKS
4. Filtration: when fluid moves in and out of the capillaries between the vascular
and interstitial compartments (within the ECF)
a. filtration is the net of four forces; two forces move fluid out of
capillaries, and two forces move fluid into capillaries
b. Hydrostatic Pressure: outward pulling forced caused by FLUID pressing
against a surface (opposite)
i. Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure: the stronger outward pushing
force that moves fluid out of the capillaries into the interstitial
fluid
4
Units 8-10
Chapters 42, 48, and 41
CHAPTER 42: FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID BASE
BALANCE:
COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING:
➔ cellular fluid contains electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, amd have a
degree of acidity
➔ fluid and electrolyte imbalances help maintain the health and function of all
body systems
➔ fluid is inside the cells and surrounds all the cells in the body contain
electrolytes and also have a degree of acidity
➔ fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances within the body maintain the health
and function of all body systems
CHARACTERISTICS OF BODY FLUIDS: VOPE*
➔ fluid amount (volume)
➔ fluid concentration (osmolality)
➔ degree of acidity (ph)
➔ fluid composition (electrolyte concentration)
LOCATION AND MOVEMENT OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES:
➔ water is a substantial portion of our body weight
➔ 60% of our body weight is water, decreases with age
◆ also decreases with women and obese people because fat contains
less water than muscle
1
,FLUID DISTRIBUTION:
➔ Fluid: water that contains dissolved or suspended substances, such as:
glucose, mineral salts, and proteins
➔ most of my body is inside
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) Extracellular Fluid
fluid inside the cell fluid outside of the cell
⅔ total body water ⅓ total body water
DISTRIBUTION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID:
➔ 2 Major Divisions:
◆ Intravascular Fluid: located in our blood vessels, the liquid part of our
blood (i.e. plasma)
◆ Interstitial Fluid: located in the tissues between the cells and our blood
vessels and outside of our blood vessels
➔ 1 Minor Division:
◆ Transcellular Fluid: cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid,
and synovial fluids (special fluids)
● these are secreted by epithelial cells
COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS:
2
, ➔ fluids contain electrolytes; where fluids flow, electrolytes will go
➔ Electrolyte: a compound that separates into ions (charged particles) when
dissolved in water
◆ Cations: positively charged ions
● SILLY PIGS MAKE CAKES (Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium,
Calcium)
◆ Anions: negatively charged ions
● CSP (Sodium Bicarbonate (NACO3) Chloride, Phosphate (PO4)
➔ Cations like Sodium (Na) and Anions like Chlorine (Cl) combine to form salts
(NaCl), and when are placed in water, separate
TONICITY OF A SOLUTION:
➔ a fluid containing a large number of dissolved particles is more concentrated
➔ Osmolality of a fluid: the number of particles per kg of water (concentration)
➔ Tonicity: the number of particles that cannot cross membranes easily
(effective concentration)
Hypotonic Solution: Isotonic Solution: Hypertonic Solution:
solution is more dilute fluid within the cell has solution is more
and more concentrated the same tonicity as concentrated inside of the
outside of the cell normal blood cell
cell swells (HIPPO) cell remains the same cell shrinks
MOVEMENT OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES TO MAINTAIN
OSMOLALITY:
1. Active Transport: cells use ATP to move against the concentration gradient
a. low to high
b. ex.) Sodium Potassium Pump moves Na out of cell and K into cell
i. Sodium, Sodium Bicarb, and Chloride are higher in ECF
ii. Potassium, Magnesium, and Phosphate are higher in ICF
2. Diffusion: passive movement down a concentration gradient
a. solutes will move high to low until concentration is same
b. however, to move across membranes, need proteins that serve as ion
channels
3
, i. ion channels play an important role in muscle and nerve function
3. Osmosis: how water passively moves across the cell membrane, not easily
permeable to particles, will continue until isotonic
a. Semi Permeable Membrane: separates the Interstitial Fluid (ECF) from
ICF
b. water moves into whatever
compartment has the higher
osmotic pressure (more
particles), until the
concentration is equal
c. Osmotic Pressure: inward
pulling force caused by
PARTICLES in the fluid (same)
i. Intracellular Fluid
Osmotic Pressure:
particles inside the cell
pulling water into the cell
ii. Interstitial Fluid Osmotic
Pressure: particles
outside the cell pull water out of the cell
iii. Hypotonic Solution is administered through IV, this dilutes the
interstitial fluid, decreasing the Interstitial Fluid Osmotic
Pressure below the Intracellular Osmotic Pressure, making water
flow into the cell, SWELL
iv. Hypertonic Solution is administered through IV, this
concentrates the interstitial fluid, increasing the Interstitial Fluid
Osmotic Pressure higher than the Intracellular Osmotic Pressure,
making water leave the cell, SHRINKS
4. Filtration: when fluid moves in and out of the capillaries between the vascular
and interstitial compartments (within the ECF)
a. filtration is the net of four forces; two forces move fluid out of
capillaries, and two forces move fluid into capillaries
b. Hydrostatic Pressure: outward pulling forced caused by FLUID pressing
against a surface (opposite)
i. Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure: the stronger outward pushing
force that moves fluid out of the capillaries into the interstitial
fluid
4
