APHY 101 Midterm with Complete Solutions

APHY 101 Midterm 2022/2023 with Complet
l l l l l




e Solutions
l




Anatomyl-lANSWER-examineslthelstructuresloflbodylparts

Physiologyl-lANSWER-examineslthelfunctionsloflbodylparts,lwhatltheyldolandlhowltheyldolit

Levelsloflorganizationl-lANSWER-
Subatomiclparticles,latom,lmolecule,lmacromolecule,lorganelle,lcell,ltissue,lorgan,lorganlsy
stem,lorganism

Metabolisml-lANSWER-allloflthelchemicallreactionslinlanlorganismlthatlsupportllife

homeostasisl-lANSWER-Thelbody'slmaintenanceloflalstablelinternallenvironment

homeostaticlmechanismsl-lANSWER-receptors,lcontrollcenter,leffectors

receptorl-lANSWER-
providelinformationlaboutlspecificlconditionsl(stimuli)linlthelinternallenvironment

controllcenterl-lANSWER-
setlpoint;lalparticularlvalue,lsuchlaslbodyltemperaturelatl37°Cl(Celsius)lorl98.6°Fl(Fahrenhei
t)

effectorl-lANSWER-causelresponseslthatlalterlconditionslinlthelinternallenvironment

negativelfeedbackl-lANSWER-
Iflthelreceptorslmeasureldeviationslfromlthelsetlpoint,leffectorslarelactivatedlthatlcanlreturnlc
onditionsltowardlnormal.lAslthislhappens,ltheldeviationlfromlthelsetlpointlprogressivelyllesse
ns,landltheleffectorslgraduallylshutldown.

craniallcavityl-lANSWER-houseslthelbrain

spinallcavityl-lANSWER-houseslthelspinallcord

thoraciclcavityl-lANSWER-containslthellungslandlheart

abdominallcavityl-lANSWER-
containslthelstomach,lliver,lspleen,lgallbladder,lkidneys,landlthelsmalllandllargelintestines.

pelviclcavityl-lANSWER-
containslthelterminallendloflthellargelintestine,lthelurinarylbladder,landlthelinternallreproducti
velorgans.

,serouslmembranesl-lANSWER-
linelthelwallsloflthelthoraciclandlabdominopelviclcavitieslandlfoldlbackltolcoverlthelorganslwit
hinltheselcavities.lTheselmembraneslsecretelalslipperylserouslfluidlthatlseparateslthellayerlli
ninglthelwallloflthelcavityl(parietalllayer)lfromlthellayerlcoveringlthelorganl(visceralllayer).

Aginglatlalcellularllevell-lANSWER-
Cellslmarkltimeltoo,lmanylapproachinglthelendloflallimitedlnumberloflpredeterminedlcellldivis
ionslasltheirlchromosomeltipslwhittleldown.lSuchlcellslreachinglthelendlofltheirldivisionldaysl
maylenlargelorldie.lSomelcellslmaylbelunableltolbuildlthelapparatuslthatlpullslapartlreplicated
lchromosomeslinlalcelllonlthelvergelofldivision.lImpairedlcellldivisionlslowsl woundlhealing,lye

tlatlthelsameltime,lthelinappropriatelcellldivisionlthatlunderlieslcancerlbecomeslmorellikely.lC
ertainlsubcellularlfunctionslloselefficiency,lincludinglrepairloflDNAldamagelandltransportlofls
ubstanceslintolandloutloflcells.lAginglcellslarellesslefficientlatlextractinglenergylfromlnutrient
slandlbreakingldownlagedlorldamagedlcelllparts.

anatomicallpositionl-lANSWER-
Bodylfacinglforward,lfeetlarelparallelltoleachlother,larmslarelatlhelsideslwithlthelpalmslfacinglf
orward

Proximall-lANSWER-
Closerltoltheloriginloflthelbodylpartlorlthelpointloflattachmentloflallimbltolthelbodyltrunk

distall-lANSWER-Awaylfromlorlfarthestlfromltheltrunklorlthelpointlofloriginloflalbodylpart

mediall-lANSWER-Closerltolthelmidlineloflthelbody

laterall-lANSWER-Awaylfromlthelmidlineloflthelbody

superiorl-lANSWER-Higherlonlthelbody,lnearerltolthelhead

inferiorl-lANSWER-
Awaylfromlthelheadlendlorltowardlthellowerlpartloflalstructurelorlthelbody;lbelow.

anteriorl-lANSWER-Frontloflbody/lbodylstructure

posteriorl-lANSWER-Nearerltolorlatlthelbackloflthelbody

ventrall-lANSWER-Atlthelbellylside

dorsall-lANSWER-Backside

Whylislchemistrylanlimportantlpartloflphysiology?l-lANSWER-
Understandinglthelbasicsloflchemistrylislessentiallforlunderstandinglphysiology,lbecauselbo
dylfunctionslresultlfromlcellularlfunctionslthat,linlturn,lresultlfromlchemicallchanges.

atoml-lANSWER-Smallestlparticleloflanlelement

, elementl-lANSWER-
Alpurelsubstancelthatlcannotlbelbrokenldownlintolotherlsubstanceslbylchemicallorlphysicall
means

moleculel-lANSWER-Twolorlmorelatomslmaylcombineltolformlaldistinctiveltypeloflparticle

compoundl-lANSWER-
(chemistry)lalsubstancelformedlbylchemicallunionlofltwolorlmorelelementslorlingredients

Namelthelbulklelementslinlthelhumanlbody.l-lANSWER-
carbon,lhydrogen,loxygen,lnitrogen,lsulfur,landlphosphorus

atomiclnumberl-lANSWER-Numberloflprotonslinlanlatom

atomiclweightl-lANSWER-equalslthelnumberloflprotonslandlneutronslinlitslnucleus.

ionl-lANSWER-
Anlatomlorlgrouploflatomslthatlhaslgainedlorllostlonelorlmorelelectrons,lthuslacquiringlalchar
ge.

Howldolyoulindicatelanlionlinlalmolecularlformula?l-lANSWER-negativelionslhavel(-
),lpositivelionslhavel(+)

isotopel-lANSWER-
Anlatomlwithlthelsamelnumberloflprotonslandlaldifferentlnumberloflneutronslfromlotherlatom
sloflthelsamelelement.

Synthesislreactionl-lANSWER-
Alchemicallreactionlinlwhichltwolorlmorelreactantslcombineltolproducelalsinglelproduct.
A+Bl-->lAB

Decompositionlreactionl-lANSWER-
Alreactionlinlwhichlalsinglelcompoundlbreaksldownltolformltwolorlmorelsimplerlsubstances
ABl-->lA+B

Exchangelreactionl-lANSWER-
Chemicallreactionlinlwhichlbondslarelbothlmadelandlbroken;latomslbecomelcombinedlwithld
ifferentlatoms.,
lAB+CDl--->lAD+CB




Reversiblelreactionl-lANSWER-
Alreactionlinlwhichlthelconversionloflreactantsltolproductslandlthelconversionloflproductsltolr
eactantsloccurlsimultaneously.lIt'slshownlbylaldoublelarrow,l
Al+lBl<-->lAB