Test Bank Complete_
Advanced Nutrition And Human Metabolism 7th Edition
By Sareen S. Gropper, Jack L. Smith, Timothy P. Carr
All Chapters 1-14| Latest Version With Verified Answers| Grade A+
From: [Bestmaxsolutions.stuvia
,SECTION I: CELLS AND THEIR NOURISHMENT. --------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Chapter 1. The Cell: A Microcosm of Life. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
Chapter 2. The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body. ------------------------------------- 38
SECTION II: MACRONUTRIENTS AND THEIR METABOLISM. -------------------------------------------- 62
Chapter 3. Carbohydrates. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 62
Chapter 4. Fiber. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90
Chapter 5. Lipids. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 117
Chapter 6. Protein. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 143
Chapter 7. Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise. -------------------- 170
Chapter 8. Energy Expenditure, Body Composition and Healthy Weight. --------------------------------- 198
SECTION III: THE REGULATORY NUTRIENTS. --------------------------------------------------------------- 224
Chapter 9. The Water-Soluble Vitamins. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 224
Chapter 10. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins.------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 253
Chapter 11. Major Minerals.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 281
Chapter 12. Water and Electrolytes. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 307
Chapter 13. Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals. ----------------------------------------------------------- 333
Chapter 14. Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals. ----------------------------------------------------- 359
,SECTION I: CELLS AND THEIR NOURISHMENT.
Chapter 1. The Cell: A Microcosm of Life.
Sareen S. Gropper: Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism 7th Edition, Test Bank
Indicate Whether The Statement Is True Or False.
1. Most Of The Metabolic Energy Produced In Cells Is Made In The Mitochondria.
A. True
B. False
ANS: A.
The Mitochondria Are Often Referred To As The "Powerhouses" Of The Cell Because
They Are The Site Of Cellular Respiration, Where Most Of The Cell's Energy Is
Produced In The Form Of ATP Through Processes Like The Citric Acid Cycle And
Oxidative Phosphorylation.
2. An Increase In The Concentration Of A Substrate Will Increase The Rate Of The
Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction.
A. True
B. False
ANS: A.
According To Michaelis-Menten Kinetics, As The Concentration Of A Substrate
Increases, The Rate Of An Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction Generally Increases Until A
Maximum Rate Is Reached, Where The Enzyme Becomes Saturated With The Substrate.
3. Polysomes Function To Transcribe Mrna Into Proteins.
A. True
B. False
,ANS: B.
Polysomes (Also Known As Polyribosomes) Are Involved In Translating Mrna Into
Proteins, Not Transcribing It. Transcription Of Mrna Occurs In The Nucleus, While
Translation Into Proteins Takes Place In The Cytoplasm On Ribosomes, Which May
Form Polysomes.
4. If Two Enzymes (E.G., Pyruvate Dehydrogenase And Pyruvate Carboxylase) Compete
For The Same Substrate (Pyruvate), The One With The Higher Km Has Less Affinity
And Will Be More Active When Pyruvate Concentrations Are High.
A. True
B. False
ANS: A.
Km Is The Substrate Concentration At Which An Enzyme Operates At Half Its
Maximum Velocity. A Higher Km Indicates Lower Affinity For The Substrate.
Therefore, The Enzyme With The Higher Km Will Be More Active At Higher Substrate
Concentrations, As It Requires A Higher Concentration To Become Saturated.
5. Transcription Of DNA Cannot Be Altered.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
Transcription Of DNA Can Be Regulated And Altered By Various Factors, Such As
Transcription Factors, Enhancers, Silencers, And Epigenetic Modifications Like DNA
Methylation And Histone Modification.
6. The Nuclear Envelope Is A Single Membrane Structure That Helps To Isolate The
Nucleus From The Rest Of The Cell.
A. True
B. False
,ANS: B.
The Nuclear Envelope Is A Double Membrane Structure, Not A Single Membrane. It
Separates The Nucleus From The Cytoplasm And Regulates The Exchange Of Materials
Between The Nucleus And The Rest Of The Cell Through Nuclear Pores.
7. The Lipid Bilayer Determines The Function Of The Plasma Membrane, While The
Proteins Are Primarily Responsible For The Structure Of The Membrane.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
The Lipid Bilayer Primarily Determines The Structure And Selective Permeability Of
The Plasma Membrane, While Membrane Proteins Are Mainly Responsible For
Functions Like Transport, Signaling, And Cell Recognition. Proteins Are Key To The
Functional Roles Of The Membrane, Not The Structure.
8. When Discussing Enzyme Kinetics, Km Refers To The Substrate Concentration At
Which The Enzyme Is Saturated And Functioning At Maximal Velocity.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
Km Is The Substrate Concentration At Which The Enzyme Is Operating At Half Of Its
Maximal Velocity (Vmax), Not At Vmax Itself. At Vmax, The Enzyme Is Fully
Saturated With The Substrate, And The Reaction Rate Cannot Increase Further.
9. Peripheral Proteins Are Involved In Cell-Cell Recognition, Whereas Integral Proteins
Function Primarily As Receptors/Transporters.
A. True
B. False
,ANS: A.
Peripheral Proteins Are Often Involved In Cell-Cell Recognition And Communication,
While Integral Proteins (Which Span The Membrane) Typically Function As Receptors
Or Transporters, Facilitating Signal Transduction Or The Transport Of Molecules Across
The Membrane.
10. The Various Components Within A Cell (E.G., Mitochondria) Are Not “Free-
Floating” In The Cytosol, But Rather, Are Held In Place By The Cytoskeleton.
A. True
B. False
ANS: A.
The Cytoskeleton, Which Is Made Of Protein Filaments, Helps Anchor Organelles Like
Mitochondria In Place And Maintains The Cell's Structure. This Organization Prevents
Components From Floating Freely In The Cytosol.
11. Different Cells Express Different Proteins Because They Contain Different
Sequences Of DNA In The Nucleus.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
All Cells In An Organism Generally Contain The Same DNA Sequence In Their Nucleus.
However, Different Cells Express Different Proteins Due To Differential Gene
Expression, Where Specific Genes Are Turned On Or Off Based On Factors Like
Developmental Cues, Environmental Signals, And Transcription Factors.
12. Oncosis Results From Cell Injury And Is Associated With Cellular Swelling And
Swelling Of The Mitochondrial Nucleus.
A. True
,B. False
ANS: B.
Oncosis Refers To A Type Of Cell Death Characterized By Cellular Swelling Due To
Failure Of Ion Pumps And Water Influx. However, It Is Not Specifically Associated With
The "Swelling Of The Mitochondrial Nucleus" But With General Cellular Edema,
Including The Cytoplasm And Organelles.
13. Allosteric Regulation Of Enzymes Is Carried Out By Modulators, Other Proteins That
Bind To The Enzyme To Inhibit Its Activity.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
Allosteric Regulation Refers To The Binding Of Molecules (Not Necessarily Proteins)
To Sites Other Than The Active Site Of An Enzyme, Which Can Either Inhibit Or
Activate Its Activity. These Molecules Are Called Allosteric Effectors Or Modulators,
But They Do Not Have To Be Proteins.
14. Most Cellular Reactions Are Irreversible Because The Same Enzyme That Catalyzes
The Conversion Cannot Catalyze The Reverse Reaction.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
Many Cellular Reactions Are Reversible, As Enzymes Can Catalyze Both Forward And
Reverse Reactions. However, Some Reactions Are Effectively Irreversible Due To
Thermodynamic Constraints Or Regulatory Mechanisms That Favor One Direction.
15. The Plasma Membrane Is A Sheet-Like Structure Composed Solely Of Lipids.
A. True
,B. False
ANS: B.
The Plasma Membrane Is Primarily Composed Of A Lipid Bilayer, But It Also Contains
Proteins, Carbohydrates, And Other Molecules That Contribute To Its Function. These
Proteins And Carbohydrates Are Essential For Transport, Signaling, And Cell
Recognition.
Indicate The Answer Choice That Best Completes The Statement Or Answers The
Question.
16. Most Receptor Proteins Are Most Likely Which Type?
A. Peripheral Proteins
B. Internal Proteins
C. Integral Proteins
D. Glycoproteins
ANS: C.
Receptor Proteins Are Usually Integral Proteins That Span The Plasma Membrane. They
Have Binding Sites For Specific Molecules (Like Hormones Or Neurotransmitters) On
The Outside Of The Cell, Which Triggers A Cellular Response.
17. Micrornas Are Small Noncoding Rnas That ______.
A. Enhance Gene Expression By Activating Mrna Expression
B. Silence Gene Expression By Binding To Mrna To Inhibit Translation
C. Modify Gene Expression By Replacing Specific Nucleotides In Mrna
D. Mediate DNA Production In A Reverse Direction
ANS: B.
Micrornas (Mirnas) Are Small Noncoding Rnas That Regulate Gene Expression By
Binding To Complementary Sequences On Mrna Molecules, Leading To The
,Degradation Of The Mrna Or Inhibition Of Its Translation, Thus Silencing Gene
Expression.
18. All Components Of The Electron Transport Chain Are Embedded In The ______.
A. Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
B. Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
C. Mitochondrial Matrix
D. Cytoplasmic Matrix
ANS: A.
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Is Located In The Inner Membrane Of The
Mitochondria. The Inner Membrane Contains Protein Complexes That Transfer Electrons
And Pump Protons, Which Are Key To ATP Production Through Oxidative
Phosphorylation.
19. The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Is Associated With ______.
A. Lipid Synthesis
B. Protein Synthesis
C. The Calcium Ion Pump Necessary For The Contractile Process
D. Ribosomes And Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
ANS: A.
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Is Primarily Involved In Lipid Synthesis,
Detoxification Of Harmful Substances, And Storing Calcium Ions. Unlike The Rough
ER, It Lacks Ribosomes And Does Not Participate In Protein Synthesis.
20. In The Cell Structure, The ______ Provides Support And Controls The Movement Of
Cell Organelles.
A. Endoplasmic Reticulum
B. Mitochondrion
C. Cytoskeleton
, D. Matrix Space
ANS: C.
The Cytoskeleton Provides Structural Support To The Cell And Plays A Key Role In
Maintaining Cell Shape, Enabling Intracellular Transport, And Controlling The
Movement Of Organelles Within The Cell.
21. What Is Released When Nutrient Molecules Are Oxidized?
A. Oxygen
B. Potential (Or Free) Energy
C. Kinetic Energy
D. Hydrogen
ANS: B.
Oxidation Of Nutrient Molecules (Such As Glucose) Releases Potential Energy Stored In
The Chemical Bonds Of The Molecules. This Energy Is Then Used To Produce ATP In
The Mitochondria.
22. The Cell Organelle Responsible For The Initiation And Regulation Of Most Cellular
Activity Is The ______.
A. Cytoplast
B. Nucleus
C. Mitochondrion
D. Nucleolus
ANS: B.
The Nucleus Is The Control Center Of The Cell. It Contains The Cell's DNA And
Regulates Gene Expression, Which In Turn Controls The Activity Of The Cell, Including
Growth, Metabolism, And Reproduction.
23. What Is The Role Of Cholesterol In Plasma Membrane Structure?
Advanced Nutrition And Human Metabolism 7th Edition
By Sareen S. Gropper, Jack L. Smith, Timothy P. Carr
All Chapters 1-14| Latest Version With Verified Answers| Grade A+
From: [Bestmaxsolutions.stuvia
,SECTION I: CELLS AND THEIR NOURISHMENT. --------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Chapter 1. The Cell: A Microcosm of Life. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
Chapter 2. The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body. ------------------------------------- 38
SECTION II: MACRONUTRIENTS AND THEIR METABOLISM. -------------------------------------------- 62
Chapter 3. Carbohydrates. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 62
Chapter 4. Fiber. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90
Chapter 5. Lipids. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 117
Chapter 6. Protein. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 143
Chapter 7. Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise. -------------------- 170
Chapter 8. Energy Expenditure, Body Composition and Healthy Weight. --------------------------------- 198
SECTION III: THE REGULATORY NUTRIENTS. --------------------------------------------------------------- 224
Chapter 9. The Water-Soluble Vitamins. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 224
Chapter 10. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins.------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 253
Chapter 11. Major Minerals.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 281
Chapter 12. Water and Electrolytes. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 307
Chapter 13. Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals. ----------------------------------------------------------- 333
Chapter 14. Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals. ----------------------------------------------------- 359
,SECTION I: CELLS AND THEIR NOURISHMENT.
Chapter 1. The Cell: A Microcosm of Life.
Sareen S. Gropper: Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism 7th Edition, Test Bank
Indicate Whether The Statement Is True Or False.
1. Most Of The Metabolic Energy Produced In Cells Is Made In The Mitochondria.
A. True
B. False
ANS: A.
The Mitochondria Are Often Referred To As The "Powerhouses" Of The Cell Because
They Are The Site Of Cellular Respiration, Where Most Of The Cell's Energy Is
Produced In The Form Of ATP Through Processes Like The Citric Acid Cycle And
Oxidative Phosphorylation.
2. An Increase In The Concentration Of A Substrate Will Increase The Rate Of The
Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction.
A. True
B. False
ANS: A.
According To Michaelis-Menten Kinetics, As The Concentration Of A Substrate
Increases, The Rate Of An Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction Generally Increases Until A
Maximum Rate Is Reached, Where The Enzyme Becomes Saturated With The Substrate.
3. Polysomes Function To Transcribe Mrna Into Proteins.
A. True
B. False
,ANS: B.
Polysomes (Also Known As Polyribosomes) Are Involved In Translating Mrna Into
Proteins, Not Transcribing It. Transcription Of Mrna Occurs In The Nucleus, While
Translation Into Proteins Takes Place In The Cytoplasm On Ribosomes, Which May
Form Polysomes.
4. If Two Enzymes (E.G., Pyruvate Dehydrogenase And Pyruvate Carboxylase) Compete
For The Same Substrate (Pyruvate), The One With The Higher Km Has Less Affinity
And Will Be More Active When Pyruvate Concentrations Are High.
A. True
B. False
ANS: A.
Km Is The Substrate Concentration At Which An Enzyme Operates At Half Its
Maximum Velocity. A Higher Km Indicates Lower Affinity For The Substrate.
Therefore, The Enzyme With The Higher Km Will Be More Active At Higher Substrate
Concentrations, As It Requires A Higher Concentration To Become Saturated.
5. Transcription Of DNA Cannot Be Altered.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
Transcription Of DNA Can Be Regulated And Altered By Various Factors, Such As
Transcription Factors, Enhancers, Silencers, And Epigenetic Modifications Like DNA
Methylation And Histone Modification.
6. The Nuclear Envelope Is A Single Membrane Structure That Helps To Isolate The
Nucleus From The Rest Of The Cell.
A. True
B. False
,ANS: B.
The Nuclear Envelope Is A Double Membrane Structure, Not A Single Membrane. It
Separates The Nucleus From The Cytoplasm And Regulates The Exchange Of Materials
Between The Nucleus And The Rest Of The Cell Through Nuclear Pores.
7. The Lipid Bilayer Determines The Function Of The Plasma Membrane, While The
Proteins Are Primarily Responsible For The Structure Of The Membrane.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
The Lipid Bilayer Primarily Determines The Structure And Selective Permeability Of
The Plasma Membrane, While Membrane Proteins Are Mainly Responsible For
Functions Like Transport, Signaling, And Cell Recognition. Proteins Are Key To The
Functional Roles Of The Membrane, Not The Structure.
8. When Discussing Enzyme Kinetics, Km Refers To The Substrate Concentration At
Which The Enzyme Is Saturated And Functioning At Maximal Velocity.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
Km Is The Substrate Concentration At Which The Enzyme Is Operating At Half Of Its
Maximal Velocity (Vmax), Not At Vmax Itself. At Vmax, The Enzyme Is Fully
Saturated With The Substrate, And The Reaction Rate Cannot Increase Further.
9. Peripheral Proteins Are Involved In Cell-Cell Recognition, Whereas Integral Proteins
Function Primarily As Receptors/Transporters.
A. True
B. False
,ANS: A.
Peripheral Proteins Are Often Involved In Cell-Cell Recognition And Communication,
While Integral Proteins (Which Span The Membrane) Typically Function As Receptors
Or Transporters, Facilitating Signal Transduction Or The Transport Of Molecules Across
The Membrane.
10. The Various Components Within A Cell (E.G., Mitochondria) Are Not “Free-
Floating” In The Cytosol, But Rather, Are Held In Place By The Cytoskeleton.
A. True
B. False
ANS: A.
The Cytoskeleton, Which Is Made Of Protein Filaments, Helps Anchor Organelles Like
Mitochondria In Place And Maintains The Cell's Structure. This Organization Prevents
Components From Floating Freely In The Cytosol.
11. Different Cells Express Different Proteins Because They Contain Different
Sequences Of DNA In The Nucleus.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
All Cells In An Organism Generally Contain The Same DNA Sequence In Their Nucleus.
However, Different Cells Express Different Proteins Due To Differential Gene
Expression, Where Specific Genes Are Turned On Or Off Based On Factors Like
Developmental Cues, Environmental Signals, And Transcription Factors.
12. Oncosis Results From Cell Injury And Is Associated With Cellular Swelling And
Swelling Of The Mitochondrial Nucleus.
A. True
,B. False
ANS: B.
Oncosis Refers To A Type Of Cell Death Characterized By Cellular Swelling Due To
Failure Of Ion Pumps And Water Influx. However, It Is Not Specifically Associated With
The "Swelling Of The Mitochondrial Nucleus" But With General Cellular Edema,
Including The Cytoplasm And Organelles.
13. Allosteric Regulation Of Enzymes Is Carried Out By Modulators, Other Proteins That
Bind To The Enzyme To Inhibit Its Activity.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
Allosteric Regulation Refers To The Binding Of Molecules (Not Necessarily Proteins)
To Sites Other Than The Active Site Of An Enzyme, Which Can Either Inhibit Or
Activate Its Activity. These Molecules Are Called Allosteric Effectors Or Modulators,
But They Do Not Have To Be Proteins.
14. Most Cellular Reactions Are Irreversible Because The Same Enzyme That Catalyzes
The Conversion Cannot Catalyze The Reverse Reaction.
A. True
B. False
ANS: B.
Many Cellular Reactions Are Reversible, As Enzymes Can Catalyze Both Forward And
Reverse Reactions. However, Some Reactions Are Effectively Irreversible Due To
Thermodynamic Constraints Or Regulatory Mechanisms That Favor One Direction.
15. The Plasma Membrane Is A Sheet-Like Structure Composed Solely Of Lipids.
A. True
,B. False
ANS: B.
The Plasma Membrane Is Primarily Composed Of A Lipid Bilayer, But It Also Contains
Proteins, Carbohydrates, And Other Molecules That Contribute To Its Function. These
Proteins And Carbohydrates Are Essential For Transport, Signaling, And Cell
Recognition.
Indicate The Answer Choice That Best Completes The Statement Or Answers The
Question.
16. Most Receptor Proteins Are Most Likely Which Type?
A. Peripheral Proteins
B. Internal Proteins
C. Integral Proteins
D. Glycoproteins
ANS: C.
Receptor Proteins Are Usually Integral Proteins That Span The Plasma Membrane. They
Have Binding Sites For Specific Molecules (Like Hormones Or Neurotransmitters) On
The Outside Of The Cell, Which Triggers A Cellular Response.
17. Micrornas Are Small Noncoding Rnas That ______.
A. Enhance Gene Expression By Activating Mrna Expression
B. Silence Gene Expression By Binding To Mrna To Inhibit Translation
C. Modify Gene Expression By Replacing Specific Nucleotides In Mrna
D. Mediate DNA Production In A Reverse Direction
ANS: B.
Micrornas (Mirnas) Are Small Noncoding Rnas That Regulate Gene Expression By
Binding To Complementary Sequences On Mrna Molecules, Leading To The
,Degradation Of The Mrna Or Inhibition Of Its Translation, Thus Silencing Gene
Expression.
18. All Components Of The Electron Transport Chain Are Embedded In The ______.
A. Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
B. Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
C. Mitochondrial Matrix
D. Cytoplasmic Matrix
ANS: A.
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Is Located In The Inner Membrane Of The
Mitochondria. The Inner Membrane Contains Protein Complexes That Transfer Electrons
And Pump Protons, Which Are Key To ATP Production Through Oxidative
Phosphorylation.
19. The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Is Associated With ______.
A. Lipid Synthesis
B. Protein Synthesis
C. The Calcium Ion Pump Necessary For The Contractile Process
D. Ribosomes And Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
ANS: A.
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Is Primarily Involved In Lipid Synthesis,
Detoxification Of Harmful Substances, And Storing Calcium Ions. Unlike The Rough
ER, It Lacks Ribosomes And Does Not Participate In Protein Synthesis.
20. In The Cell Structure, The ______ Provides Support And Controls The Movement Of
Cell Organelles.
A. Endoplasmic Reticulum
B. Mitochondrion
C. Cytoskeleton
, D. Matrix Space
ANS: C.
The Cytoskeleton Provides Structural Support To The Cell And Plays A Key Role In
Maintaining Cell Shape, Enabling Intracellular Transport, And Controlling The
Movement Of Organelles Within The Cell.
21. What Is Released When Nutrient Molecules Are Oxidized?
A. Oxygen
B. Potential (Or Free) Energy
C. Kinetic Energy
D. Hydrogen
ANS: B.
Oxidation Of Nutrient Molecules (Such As Glucose) Releases Potential Energy Stored In
The Chemical Bonds Of The Molecules. This Energy Is Then Used To Produce ATP In
The Mitochondria.
22. The Cell Organelle Responsible For The Initiation And Regulation Of Most Cellular
Activity Is The ______.
A. Cytoplast
B. Nucleus
C. Mitochondrion
D. Nucleolus
ANS: B.
The Nucleus Is The Control Center Of The Cell. It Contains The Cell's DNA And
Regulates Gene Expression, Which In Turn Controls The Activity Of The Cell, Including
Growth, Metabolism, And Reproduction.
23. What Is The Role Of Cholesterol In Plasma Membrane Structure?
