POSITIONING REVIEW FOR ARRT KETTERING LATEST EXAM 100% TOP SCORE 2024-2025
At what level is the thyroid cartilage located?
At the level of C4-C5
At what level is the sternal (jugular) notch located?
At the level of T2-T3
At what level is the sternal angle located?
At the level of T4-T5
At what level is the inferior angle of the scapula located?
At the level of T7
At what level is the xiphoid process located?
At the level of T10
At what level is the umbilicus located?
At the level of L3-L4
At what level is the iliac crest located?
At the level of L4-L5
At what level is the greater trochanter located?
At the level of pubic symphysis
Where are the petrous ridges in a mesocephalic (typical) skull?
Petrous ridges project anteriorly and medially at a 47* angle from the midsagittal plane.
Where are the petrous ridges in a brachycephalic (short form front to back) skull?
Petrous ridges lie at an average angle of 54*
Where are the petrous ridges in a dolichocephalic (long from front to back) skull?
Petrous ridges form a narrow angle of 40*
In an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull, what baseline is perpendicular to the IR?
The OML
, What is the CR angulation for an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull?
30* caudal angle, directed through the foramen magnum to the OML
Where does the CR enter in an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull?
Approximately 2.5" above the glabella, and passes through the level of the EAM
What parts are demonstrated in an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull?
1. The occipital bone/posterior region of the skull.
2. Dorsum sella and posterior clinoid processes projected within the foramen magnum.
Where is the CR directed in a lateral projection of the skull?
Perpendicular to the IR to a point 2" superior to the EAM
What is visualized in a lateral projection of the skull?
1. The sella turcica in profile
2. Superimposed TMJ's and orbital roofs
Where is the CR directed in a PA Axial (Caldwell) projection?
15* caudal to the MSP, exiting the nasion
Where are the petrous ridges projected in a PA Axial (Caldwell)?
In the lower one third of the orbits.
What structures are demonstrated in a PA Axial (Caldwell) projection?
1. Petrous ridges projected in lower one third of the orbits.
2. Frontal sinuses
3. Anterior ethmoid sinuses
4. Sphenoid sinuses through the nasal fossae
Where is the CR directed in a lateral projection of the facial bones?
Perpendicular to the zygoma (midway between the EAM and outer canthus).
What baselines are used in a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection of the facial bones, and how
are they positioned?
The MML baseline is positioned perpendicular to the IR, causing the OML to form a 37* angle
with the IR.
Where is the CR directed in a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection of the facial bones?
At what level is the thyroid cartilage located?
At the level of C4-C5
At what level is the sternal (jugular) notch located?
At the level of T2-T3
At what level is the sternal angle located?
At the level of T4-T5
At what level is the inferior angle of the scapula located?
At the level of T7
At what level is the xiphoid process located?
At the level of T10
At what level is the umbilicus located?
At the level of L3-L4
At what level is the iliac crest located?
At the level of L4-L5
At what level is the greater trochanter located?
At the level of pubic symphysis
Where are the petrous ridges in a mesocephalic (typical) skull?
Petrous ridges project anteriorly and medially at a 47* angle from the midsagittal plane.
Where are the petrous ridges in a brachycephalic (short form front to back) skull?
Petrous ridges lie at an average angle of 54*
Where are the petrous ridges in a dolichocephalic (long from front to back) skull?
Petrous ridges form a narrow angle of 40*
In an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull, what baseline is perpendicular to the IR?
The OML
, What is the CR angulation for an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull?
30* caudal angle, directed through the foramen magnum to the OML
Where does the CR enter in an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull?
Approximately 2.5" above the glabella, and passes through the level of the EAM
What parts are demonstrated in an AP Axial (Towne) projection of the skull?
1. The occipital bone/posterior region of the skull.
2. Dorsum sella and posterior clinoid processes projected within the foramen magnum.
Where is the CR directed in a lateral projection of the skull?
Perpendicular to the IR to a point 2" superior to the EAM
What is visualized in a lateral projection of the skull?
1. The sella turcica in profile
2. Superimposed TMJ's and orbital roofs
Where is the CR directed in a PA Axial (Caldwell) projection?
15* caudal to the MSP, exiting the nasion
Where are the petrous ridges projected in a PA Axial (Caldwell)?
In the lower one third of the orbits.
What structures are demonstrated in a PA Axial (Caldwell) projection?
1. Petrous ridges projected in lower one third of the orbits.
2. Frontal sinuses
3. Anterior ethmoid sinuses
4. Sphenoid sinuses through the nasal fossae
Where is the CR directed in a lateral projection of the facial bones?
Perpendicular to the zygoma (midway between the EAM and outer canthus).
What baselines are used in a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection of the facial bones, and how
are they positioned?
The MML baseline is positioned perpendicular to the IR, causing the OML to form a 37* angle
with the IR.
Where is the CR directed in a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection of the facial bones?
