BA 300 Final Exam Questions With Verified Answers

BA 300 Final Exam Questions With Verified Answers .Ayn Rand: Objectivism-Advantages - Answer-Reinforces personal responsibility .Ayn Rand: Objectivism-Decision Rule - Answer-Rational selfishness, pursue maximum self-realization and happiness .Ayn Rand: Objectivism-Disadvantages - Answer-Individualistic and judgmental, does not protect the weak .Ayn Rand: Objectivism-Example - Answer-Smeagle is a software engineer who has just graduated from Hacker University. His first job involves working with a team which is not very capable. They have come to depend upon him because he is a natural programmer who does fast, accurate coding. While working on an important project for his company, he receives a recruiting offer for a much better job. HE TAKES THE JOB WITHOUT ANY HESITATION, even though it will cause serious hardship for his team and company. When asked about this, he replies, “THEY ARE NOT MY RESPONSIBILITY.” This is suggestive of: a. OBJECTIVISM b. Utilitarianism c. The Theory of Justice d. The Theory of Rights e. Virtue Ethics .Ayn Rand: Objectivism-What to Look for - Answer--Decision maker’s interest comes first -Emphasis on rational decisions .Behavioral Consistency - Answer-A belief that people will act toward you the way they act toward people in their own culture; e.g. “A female manager could not be effective in Mexico.” .Bribe - Answer-Something of value as an inducement .Cognitive Moral Development - Answer-Level I: Primary concerns center around reward and punishment Level 2: Primary motivation is getting along; social accord and harmony Level 3: Principled thinking; reliance on higher principles regardless of consequences ***Remember- -Concerns for previous levels also exist -People can understand reasoning only one level above their own. .Confirmation Trap - Answer-Looking for evidence to support a predetermined conclusion .Conflict of Interest - Answer-***Remember! -The appearance of a conflict of interest is just as damaging as an actual conflict -A promise of something is still a bribe, even if not received. .Constructive Discipline - Answer--Professional -Private -Appropriate -Consistent .CSR: Arguments in favor of expansive view (Isdell) - Answer-1. Improved company image; may avoid regulation 2. Businesses are often better able to respond to social challenges than government 3. Creates a better future environment for business .CSR: Arguments in favor of limited view (Atkins) - Answer-1. Not appropriate use of stockholder’s money 2. Responsibility of company is limited to return on investment and avoiding irresponsibility 3. Support of social causes is an individual choice .Cultural Homogeneity - Answer-A belief that everyone in a culture is the same. A kind of stereotype; e.g. “All Japanese are polite.” .Cultural Similarity - Answer-A belief that because two cultures are similar, all of the norms are the same; e.g. U.S. and U.K. .Deindividuation - Answer-*an effect of a role* -A person’s awareness of responsibility is decreased -An psychological effect of an organizational role .Diffusion of Responsibility - Answer-*a group effect* Occurs when: -Decision is shared with a group -Taken away by upper management -Weakened by psychological distance .Ego Strength - Answer-The extent to which a person feels confident and approves of themselves .Escalation of Commitment - Answer-A tendency to remain committed to a previous course of action, even when it is failing -Difficult to accept “sunk costs” -People don’t like to be proved wrong -Social norms encourage persistence .Ethics in Advertising: Commercial speech (advertising) - Answer-Can be regulated if: -It is misleading for an illegal or harmful product -There is a substantial government interest -The regulation is narrowly tailored to that interest .External Locus of Control - Answer--Blames others and external events -Feels powerless, believes in “fate” .Gilligan: Ethic of Care-Advantages - Answer-Protects the weak and dependent .Gilligan: Ethic of Care-Decision Rule - Answer-Focus on relationships, responsibilities and emotions .Gilligan: Ethic of Care-Disadvantages - Answer-Neglects the concept of justice (what is “right”) .Gilligan: Ethic of Care-Example - Answer-Carol is a general contractor. One of her employees, who has worked for her for 20 years, has no been performing well. He is late for work, takes frequent breaks, and works slowly. She thinks he has problems at home and may be an alcoholic. She has talked to him about it, but the problem has persisted. She has considered firing him, but because of their LONG-STANDING relationship, she would NOT FEEL RIGHT about doing that. She continues the relationship even though he is less productive than her other workers. Carol’s decisions is most suggestive of: a. Objectivism b. Utilitarianism c. The Categorical Imperative d. The Theory of Rights e. THE ETHIC OF CARE .Gilligan: Ethic of Care-What to Look for - Answer--Preservation of relationships -Reliance on emotional responses .High Ego Strength - Answer--Confident in their own judgment; assertive -Not easily influenced by others .Hypernorm - Answer-... .Illusion of Control - Answer-The belief that you have more control over events that you actually have *Example: Believing that you can predict future stock market behavior, and therefore reduce risk, from technical analysis .Illusion of Optimism - Answer-Under-estimating risk *Example: Ignoring the risk of an investment .Incentive - Answer-A payment or gift as an inducement, but not a conflict of interest; a kind of discount .Integrative Social Contracts Theory: Advantages - Answer-Accepts variations in cultural norms; avoids relativism and imperialism .Integrative Social Contracts Theory: Decision Rule - Answer-A decision is ethical if it is compatible with authentic (legitimate) local norms .Integrative Social Contracts Theory: Disadvantages - Answer-Hard to define hypernorms .Integrative Social Contracts Theory: What to Know - Answer--There are no case scenarios for ISCT -Understand the decision rule; know what is meant by moral free space and hypernorm -To be within the moral free space, a norm must be supported by the majority, members must have a voice and be free to exit, and it must not violate a hypernorm -Know what is meant by cultural relativism and cultural imperialism. Understand that ISCT is neither of these, but a compromise approach. .Integrative Social Contracts Theory: What to Look for - Answer--Acceptance of local customs within limits. These limits define the moral free space -Norm must be authentic: majority agrees, opportunity to participate, freedom to exit .Internal Locus of Control - Answer--Accepts responsibility -Feels in control of their fate .Kant: Categorical Imperative-Advantages - Answer-Can be widely applied to many kinds of situations .Kant: Categorical Imperative-Decision Rule - Answer-Would it be OK if this became a universal rule? (The Categorical Imperative) .Kant: Categorical Imperative-Disadvantages - Answer-Relies entirely on the individual’s decision .Kant: Categorical Imperative-Example - Answer-As usual, Harry is caught in stop-and-go traffic on the way to work. He is bored, and is tempted to read an article in the newspaper on the seat of the car. However, he knows that is dangerous, and it occurs to him that if everyone did that, there would be accidents everywhere. HE WOULD NOT WANT IT TO BE A GENERAL PRACTICE that people read while driving. So he puts the newspaper away and starts sending text messages on his cell phone. Two minutes later he rear-ends another car. His first (better) decision was most suggestive of: a. Objectivism b. Utilitarianism c. THE CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE d. The Theory of Rights e. Virtue Ethics