Comprehensive Radiographic Pathology Chapter 1
Questions and Answers| Latest Update
Where do antibodies/immunoglobulins form ✔️✔️Lymphoid tissue, primarily in the lymph nodes,
the thymus gland and the _spleen.
The two types of artificial immunity ✔️✔️Active or passive
Active Immunity ✔️✔️Develops from a vaccine or toxoids. Persists for a long time, but it does
take a long time to build up immunity and typically __requires a booster
Toxoid ✔️✔️A chemically altered toxin
Vaccine ✔️✔️A poisonous material produced by the pathogenic organism cannot cause the
disease, but it will trigger the development of antibodies
Passive immunity ✔️✔️Refers to an administration of a dose of preformed antibodies from the
immune serum of an animal, usually a horse. It acts immediately, but lasts for a short time.
Used in situations when a person is exposed to a serious disease like hepatitis, rabies or tetanus
that has no immunity against it and they require immediate supply of antibodies to prevent a
possibly fatal infection
3 fundamental mechanisms of immunologic responses to antigens. ✔️✔️Rapidly occurring or
anaphylactic, cytotoxic and delayed.
Rapidly occurring, or anaphylactic type reactions ✔️✔️Immunologic reactions that occur when
antigens are attacked by antibodies previously bound to the surface of mast cells. The mast
cells release a histamine, which then causes an increase in vascular permeability and smooth
muscle contraction. Can be localized or generalized.
, Generalized or systemic reactions are characterized by: ✔️✔️Shock, hives, bronchial spasm, and
laryngeal edema. This type of reaction and can cause sudden death in patients who are
hypersensitive or allergic to bees, wasps, other insects, medications and contrast media.
Cytotoxic immune reaction ✔️✔️The antigen is either a component of a cell or it attaches to the
wall of red or white blood cells or platelets or vascular endothelial cells. The antigen reaction
with the antibody leads to cell destruction either by lysis or phagocytosis. This can happen in
transfusions with incompatible blood and in erythroblastosis or hemolytic disease
Delayed immunologic reaction ✔️✔️Person has already been sensitized to an antigen. On first
exposure there is no reaction, at second exposure there are antibodies present now and a
reaction occurs. This would be like a poison ivy exposure, and it's actually the same process and
an organ transplant rejection.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS ✔️✔️Disease of the immune system caused by
the retrovirus or RNA virus, HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. It's a chronic potentially life-
threatening condition. It destroys the lymphocytes, specifically the CD4 T-cells, leaving the body
extremely vulnerable to infections, cancers and tumors. It predominantly involves the lungs,
the GI tract and the central nervous system
P. Jirovecii or pneumocystis pneumonia ✔️✔️(PCP) Fungal infection of the lungs in 60% of AIDS
patients. Radiographically shows very hazy perihilar granular infiltrate that spreads to the
periphery and appears predominantly interstitial. In late findings, it will show patchy areas of
airspace consolidation with air bronchograms. It pretty much resembles pulmonary edema or a
bacterial pneumonia.
Kaposi sarcoma ✔️✔️A systemic disease affecting the skin and causes ulcerated hemorrhagic
dermatitis. It can result in mets to the small bowel presenting as reddish or bluish red nodules
that intrude the lumen of the bowel. Mets throughout the bowel will result in GI bleeding, and
radiographically it _ will appear as a bulls-eye lesion similar to that of metastatic melanoma.
Neurological manifestations in AIDS patients ✔️✔️atypical brain abscesses and meningeal
infections that can occur. Most commonly these are related to, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis,
Questions and Answers| Latest Update
Where do antibodies/immunoglobulins form ✔️✔️Lymphoid tissue, primarily in the lymph nodes,
the thymus gland and the _spleen.
The two types of artificial immunity ✔️✔️Active or passive
Active Immunity ✔️✔️Develops from a vaccine or toxoids. Persists for a long time, but it does
take a long time to build up immunity and typically __requires a booster
Toxoid ✔️✔️A chemically altered toxin
Vaccine ✔️✔️A poisonous material produced by the pathogenic organism cannot cause the
disease, but it will trigger the development of antibodies
Passive immunity ✔️✔️Refers to an administration of a dose of preformed antibodies from the
immune serum of an animal, usually a horse. It acts immediately, but lasts for a short time.
Used in situations when a person is exposed to a serious disease like hepatitis, rabies or tetanus
that has no immunity against it and they require immediate supply of antibodies to prevent a
possibly fatal infection
3 fundamental mechanisms of immunologic responses to antigens. ✔️✔️Rapidly occurring or
anaphylactic, cytotoxic and delayed.
Rapidly occurring, or anaphylactic type reactions ✔️✔️Immunologic reactions that occur when
antigens are attacked by antibodies previously bound to the surface of mast cells. The mast
cells release a histamine, which then causes an increase in vascular permeability and smooth
muscle contraction. Can be localized or generalized.
, Generalized or systemic reactions are characterized by: ✔️✔️Shock, hives, bronchial spasm, and
laryngeal edema. This type of reaction and can cause sudden death in patients who are
hypersensitive or allergic to bees, wasps, other insects, medications and contrast media.
Cytotoxic immune reaction ✔️✔️The antigen is either a component of a cell or it attaches to the
wall of red or white blood cells or platelets or vascular endothelial cells. The antigen reaction
with the antibody leads to cell destruction either by lysis or phagocytosis. This can happen in
transfusions with incompatible blood and in erythroblastosis or hemolytic disease
Delayed immunologic reaction ✔️✔️Person has already been sensitized to an antigen. On first
exposure there is no reaction, at second exposure there are antibodies present now and a
reaction occurs. This would be like a poison ivy exposure, and it's actually the same process and
an organ transplant rejection.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS ✔️✔️Disease of the immune system caused by
the retrovirus or RNA virus, HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. It's a chronic potentially life-
threatening condition. It destroys the lymphocytes, specifically the CD4 T-cells, leaving the body
extremely vulnerable to infections, cancers and tumors. It predominantly involves the lungs,
the GI tract and the central nervous system
P. Jirovecii or pneumocystis pneumonia ✔️✔️(PCP) Fungal infection of the lungs in 60% of AIDS
patients. Radiographically shows very hazy perihilar granular infiltrate that spreads to the
periphery and appears predominantly interstitial. In late findings, it will show patchy areas of
airspace consolidation with air bronchograms. It pretty much resembles pulmonary edema or a
bacterial pneumonia.
Kaposi sarcoma ✔️✔️A systemic disease affecting the skin and causes ulcerated hemorrhagic
dermatitis. It can result in mets to the small bowel presenting as reddish or bluish red nodules
that intrude the lumen of the bowel. Mets throughout the bowel will result in GI bleeding, and
radiographically it _ will appear as a bulls-eye lesion similar to that of metastatic melanoma.
Neurological manifestations in AIDS patients ✔️✔️atypical brain abscesses and meningeal
infections that can occur. Most commonly these are related to, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis,
