NURS 305 Exam 2 | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH 100% RATED
CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+| 2025 LATEST UPDATED
Osteoprogenitor cells - (answers)undifferentiated cells that become osteoblasts
Osteoblasts - (answers)bone forming cells
Ossification vs. Calcification - (answers)Ossification = formation of unmineralized bone
Calcification = hardening of bone, increase of calcium and phosphate levels
Osteocytes - (answers)mature bone cells
Osteoclasts - (answers)Bone-destroying cells (resorb the bone)
Bone remodeling - (answers)balance of resorption and formation
Repaired muscle is stronger than/not as strong - (answers)not as strong; fibrous scar tissue can
also form
Tendon - (answers)Connects muscle to bone
Ligament - (answers)Connects bone to bone
Muscle contusion - (answers)- bruise
- risk factors: vitamin deficiencies, bleeding disorders
Hematoma - (answers)- pooling of blood in tissue due to injury of blood vessel wall
- may need swift medical intervention
Sprain - (answers)- stretching or tearing of ligaments
,- decreased ability to weight bear
- grade 1-3 based on tear
Strain - (answers)- stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon
- nerve endings irritated
- muscle weakness, spasm, stiffness
Joint dislocation - (answers)- two bones separated at the joint
- edema, pain, paresthesia (numbness)
Fracture - (answers)- break in integrity and continuity of bone
- tension, compression, bending, torsion, shear
- can be traumatic or pathologic
Pathologic fracture - (answers)occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
- osteoporosis, infection, degeneration, necrosis, lesion, mass/tumor
Transverse fracture - (answers)occurs straight across the bone
oblique fracture - (answers)occurs at an angle across the bone
Spiral fracture - (answers)ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a
bone
Comminuted fracture - (answers)fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed
segmental fracture - (answers)a piece of the shaft is separated by proximal and distal fracture
lines, two fracture lines leaving three bone pieces
impacted fracture - (answers)fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another
,open fracture (compound fracture) - (answers)Broken bone has come through the skin
greenstick fracture - (answers)partial bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in
children
Compression fracture - (answers)occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on
itself, crushed
Common fracture sites - (answers)Hip, vertebral compression, distal radius, tibia-fibula, femur,
clavicle, foot
Hip fracture - (answers)- due to fall or trauma of trabecular bone
- secondary to osteoporosis in elderly pts
- can disrupt blood supply to head of the femur!!
Vertebral compression fracture - (answers)- trabecular bone
- secondary to osteoporosis, cancer, osteonecrosis, osteomyelitis, Pott's disease
- S/S: pain, kyphosis, paresthesia in extremities
- incontinence or inability to urinate = medical emergency!!!
Femur fracture - (answers)- due to high force injury or secondary to tumor/metabolic disease
- Type 1 = spiral/transverse
- Type 2 = comminuted
- Type 3 = open
- S/S = pain, shortening of leg, bruising, heavy bleeding
- risk for fat embolism!!
Clavicle fracture - (answers)- risk to subclavian vein/artery, apex of lung
- rule out pneumothorax!!
Distal radius fracture - (answers)- Fracture of the radial bone near the wrist joint
, - secondary to a fall!! or osteoporosis
- rule out MI, TIA, loss of balance/coordination for safety
- S/S = pain, deformity, bruising
Tibia-Fibula fracture - (answers)- increased risk of compound fracture and infection
- risk to popliteal artery and peroneal nerve = neurovascular compromise
Foot Fractures - (answers)stress vs injury
Bone healing stages - (answers)1. Inflammatory stage = hematoma formation, bleeding, WBC
infiltration
2. Granulation tissue formation = fibroblast formation, vascular tissue growth
3. Callus formation = EBM formation
4. Lamellar bone deposition = ossification begins
5. Bone remodeling
Bone healing complications - (answers)- Delayed healing = failure to heal within predicted time
- malunion = deformity at fracture site
- nonunion = failure of bone to heal before process of bone repair stops, disconnect
Neurovascular injury - (answers)may be due to the initial injury or to the treatment
- damage to brain, spinal cord, nerve roots, peripheral nerves
- S/S: decreased LOC, paresthesia, paralysis; hemorrhage, hematoma, tissue/organ ischemia
5 P's of neurovascular assessment - (answers)Pain
Pulse
Pallor
Paresthesia
Paralysis
CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+| 2025 LATEST UPDATED
Osteoprogenitor cells - (answers)undifferentiated cells that become osteoblasts
Osteoblasts - (answers)bone forming cells
Ossification vs. Calcification - (answers)Ossification = formation of unmineralized bone
Calcification = hardening of bone, increase of calcium and phosphate levels
Osteocytes - (answers)mature bone cells
Osteoclasts - (answers)Bone-destroying cells (resorb the bone)
Bone remodeling - (answers)balance of resorption and formation
Repaired muscle is stronger than/not as strong - (answers)not as strong; fibrous scar tissue can
also form
Tendon - (answers)Connects muscle to bone
Ligament - (answers)Connects bone to bone
Muscle contusion - (answers)- bruise
- risk factors: vitamin deficiencies, bleeding disorders
Hematoma - (answers)- pooling of blood in tissue due to injury of blood vessel wall
- may need swift medical intervention
Sprain - (answers)- stretching or tearing of ligaments
,- decreased ability to weight bear
- grade 1-3 based on tear
Strain - (answers)- stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon
- nerve endings irritated
- muscle weakness, spasm, stiffness
Joint dislocation - (answers)- two bones separated at the joint
- edema, pain, paresthesia (numbness)
Fracture - (answers)- break in integrity and continuity of bone
- tension, compression, bending, torsion, shear
- can be traumatic or pathologic
Pathologic fracture - (answers)occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
- osteoporosis, infection, degeneration, necrosis, lesion, mass/tumor
Transverse fracture - (answers)occurs straight across the bone
oblique fracture - (answers)occurs at an angle across the bone
Spiral fracture - (answers)ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a
bone
Comminuted fracture - (answers)fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed
segmental fracture - (answers)a piece of the shaft is separated by proximal and distal fracture
lines, two fracture lines leaving three bone pieces
impacted fracture - (answers)fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another
,open fracture (compound fracture) - (answers)Broken bone has come through the skin
greenstick fracture - (answers)partial bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in
children
Compression fracture - (answers)occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on
itself, crushed
Common fracture sites - (answers)Hip, vertebral compression, distal radius, tibia-fibula, femur,
clavicle, foot
Hip fracture - (answers)- due to fall or trauma of trabecular bone
- secondary to osteoporosis in elderly pts
- can disrupt blood supply to head of the femur!!
Vertebral compression fracture - (answers)- trabecular bone
- secondary to osteoporosis, cancer, osteonecrosis, osteomyelitis, Pott's disease
- S/S: pain, kyphosis, paresthesia in extremities
- incontinence or inability to urinate = medical emergency!!!
Femur fracture - (answers)- due to high force injury or secondary to tumor/metabolic disease
- Type 1 = spiral/transverse
- Type 2 = comminuted
- Type 3 = open
- S/S = pain, shortening of leg, bruising, heavy bleeding
- risk for fat embolism!!
Clavicle fracture - (answers)- risk to subclavian vein/artery, apex of lung
- rule out pneumothorax!!
Distal radius fracture - (answers)- Fracture of the radial bone near the wrist joint
, - secondary to a fall!! or osteoporosis
- rule out MI, TIA, loss of balance/coordination for safety
- S/S = pain, deformity, bruising
Tibia-Fibula fracture - (answers)- increased risk of compound fracture and infection
- risk to popliteal artery and peroneal nerve = neurovascular compromise
Foot Fractures - (answers)stress vs injury
Bone healing stages - (answers)1. Inflammatory stage = hematoma formation, bleeding, WBC
infiltration
2. Granulation tissue formation = fibroblast formation, vascular tissue growth
3. Callus formation = EBM formation
4. Lamellar bone deposition = ossification begins
5. Bone remodeling
Bone healing complications - (answers)- Delayed healing = failure to heal within predicted time
- malunion = deformity at fracture site
- nonunion = failure of bone to heal before process of bone repair stops, disconnect
Neurovascular injury - (answers)may be due to the initial injury or to the treatment
- damage to brain, spinal cord, nerve roots, peripheral nerves
- S/S: decreased LOC, paresthesia, paralysis; hemorrhage, hematoma, tissue/organ ischemia
5 P's of neurovascular assessment - (answers)Pain
Pulse
Pallor
Paresthesia
Paralysis
