TRU Biol 2131 || with Precise Solutions.
What are the 3 tenets of the cell theory? correct answers 1) All organisms are composed of one
or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
Fundamental properties that are shared by all cells (9)? correct answers - Cells are highly
complex and organized
- Possess a genetic program
- Can reproduce
- Acquire and use energy
- Carry out chemical reactions
- Engage in mechanical activities
- Respond to stimuli
- Capable of self-regulation
How is energy passed from one organism to the next? correct answers Light energy is converted
by photosynthesis into chemical energy that is stored in energy-rich carbohydrates. These carbs
are source of energy for animal cells.
Common features between PROK and EUK (9) correct answers PM, genetic info (DNA), similar
mechanisms for transcription/translation, shared metabolic pathways (glycolysis, TCA), ATP,
photosynthesis mechanisms, protein synthesis, proteasomes, cytoskeletal filaments built of
proteins similar to actin and tubulin
EUK only features correct answers nucleus, complex chromosomes (DNA + histones),
cytoplasmic organelles, complex cytoskeletal system/flagella/cilia, phagocytosis, diploidy,
sexual reproduction, mitotic spindles
two domains of PROK cells correct answers archae and bacteria
(archae are more closely related to EUK)
EUK specialized cells are formed by correct answers differentiation
As cell size increases, surface area/volume ratio ___ correct answers decreases
Surface area/volume ratio importance in cell size. correct answers Larger the cell (cytoplasmic
volume) = longer it takes to move things in/out, generate messages required by cell
- Too big = SA not sufficient to support cell activities
viruses - obligatory intracellular parasites correct answers means they cannot produce unless
present within a host cell
are viruses considered living organisms? correct answers no; inability to reproduce/metabolize
without host cells
,Evolutionary importance of common properties between PROK and EUK? correct answers The
similarities reflect the fact that EUK cells have evolved almost certainly from PROK ancestors.
Due to their common ancestry, the two types of cells share an identical genetic code that uses
DNA and RNA, a common set of metabolic pathways, and many common structural features.
Lytic infections correct answers - Use host cell machinery to make new virions
- Will lyse host to release progeny to infect other cells
lysogenic infections correct answers - Virus integrates DNA into host cell (provirus)
- No lysing of host
- Effects depend on type of virus
viroid correct answers infectious agent consisting of a small circular RNA molecule that lacks a
protein coat. Thought to cause disease by interfering with the cell's normal path of gene
expression
Can viruses be treated with antibiotics? correct answers No
Most sugars have the general formula correct answers Ch2O
carbs can be joined together by covalent ___bonds correct answers glycosidic
oligosaccharides - role? correct answers small chains often found covalently attached to lipids
and proteins, converting them into glycolipids and glycoproteins.
- 15 glucose or fewer per chain
- Role in mediating the interactions of a cell with its environment and sorting of membrane
proteins to different cellular compartments
glycogen correct answers - highly branched, energy storages.
- Glucose polymer
- animal cells
starch correct answers helical arrangement, energy storage.
Glucose polymer
- Amylose (unbranched) vs amylopectin (branched)
- Stored as densely packed granules enclosed in membrane bound organelles (plastids) within the
plant cell
Cellulose correct answers unbranched, highly extended, structural role.
Main component in plant cell walls
Chitin correct answers a polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects and the cell
walls of fungi
- does not consist of glucose monomers
, hydrogenation of fat correct answers converts some cis bonds to trans = straighter
steroid structure correct answers characteristic 4-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton
Important steroid in body correct answers cholesterol - component of animal cell membranes,
precursor for steroid hormones such as testosterone progesterone and estrogen
phospholipid structure correct answers 2FAs + glycerol
one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic end
function primarily in cell membranes
4 types of macromolecules? Which monomers are the building blocks of polymers? correct
answers - sugars = polysaccharides
- amino acids = proteins
- nucleotides = nucleic acids
- FAs = lipids
3 polysaccharides composed of glucose polymers correct answers glycogen, starch, cellulose
3 types of lipid molecules and role of each correct answers - Fats = rich in chemical energy;
energy storage
- Steroids = components of animal cell membranes and precursors of steroid hormones;
cholesterol is involved in membrane fluidity
- Phospholipids: cell membranes
functions of proteins? correct answers enzymes, structural cables, hormones/growth factors,
membrane receptors/transporters, contractile filaments, antibodies, etc
how are peptide bonds formed? broken? correct answers condensation (dehydration) reaction...
hydrolysis
3 unique Amino Acids correct answers - Glycine: only H atom as side chain = very flexible
- Proline: amino group as part of ring = produces kinks or hinges
- Cysteine: contains sulfhydryl group = can form disulfide bridges
Primary structure of protein correct answers linear sequence of amino acids
secondary structure of protein correct answers conformation of portions of the polypeptide chain.
- Alpha helix and beta sheets
- Both stabilized by hydrogen bonds
tertiary structure correct answers conformation of the entire polypeptide
- Stabilized by non-covalent bonds (van der waals, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds) and covalent
bonds (disulfide)
quaternary structure correct answers more than one chain or subunit
What are the 3 tenets of the cell theory? correct answers 1) All organisms are composed of one
or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
Fundamental properties that are shared by all cells (9)? correct answers - Cells are highly
complex and organized
- Possess a genetic program
- Can reproduce
- Acquire and use energy
- Carry out chemical reactions
- Engage in mechanical activities
- Respond to stimuli
- Capable of self-regulation
How is energy passed from one organism to the next? correct answers Light energy is converted
by photosynthesis into chemical energy that is stored in energy-rich carbohydrates. These carbs
are source of energy for animal cells.
Common features between PROK and EUK (9) correct answers PM, genetic info (DNA), similar
mechanisms for transcription/translation, shared metabolic pathways (glycolysis, TCA), ATP,
photosynthesis mechanisms, protein synthesis, proteasomes, cytoskeletal filaments built of
proteins similar to actin and tubulin
EUK only features correct answers nucleus, complex chromosomes (DNA + histones),
cytoplasmic organelles, complex cytoskeletal system/flagella/cilia, phagocytosis, diploidy,
sexual reproduction, mitotic spindles
two domains of PROK cells correct answers archae and bacteria
(archae are more closely related to EUK)
EUK specialized cells are formed by correct answers differentiation
As cell size increases, surface area/volume ratio ___ correct answers decreases
Surface area/volume ratio importance in cell size. correct answers Larger the cell (cytoplasmic
volume) = longer it takes to move things in/out, generate messages required by cell
- Too big = SA not sufficient to support cell activities
viruses - obligatory intracellular parasites correct answers means they cannot produce unless
present within a host cell
are viruses considered living organisms? correct answers no; inability to reproduce/metabolize
without host cells
,Evolutionary importance of common properties between PROK and EUK? correct answers The
similarities reflect the fact that EUK cells have evolved almost certainly from PROK ancestors.
Due to their common ancestry, the two types of cells share an identical genetic code that uses
DNA and RNA, a common set of metabolic pathways, and many common structural features.
Lytic infections correct answers - Use host cell machinery to make new virions
- Will lyse host to release progeny to infect other cells
lysogenic infections correct answers - Virus integrates DNA into host cell (provirus)
- No lysing of host
- Effects depend on type of virus
viroid correct answers infectious agent consisting of a small circular RNA molecule that lacks a
protein coat. Thought to cause disease by interfering with the cell's normal path of gene
expression
Can viruses be treated with antibiotics? correct answers No
Most sugars have the general formula correct answers Ch2O
carbs can be joined together by covalent ___bonds correct answers glycosidic
oligosaccharides - role? correct answers small chains often found covalently attached to lipids
and proteins, converting them into glycolipids and glycoproteins.
- 15 glucose or fewer per chain
- Role in mediating the interactions of a cell with its environment and sorting of membrane
proteins to different cellular compartments
glycogen correct answers - highly branched, energy storages.
- Glucose polymer
- animal cells
starch correct answers helical arrangement, energy storage.
Glucose polymer
- Amylose (unbranched) vs amylopectin (branched)
- Stored as densely packed granules enclosed in membrane bound organelles (plastids) within the
plant cell
Cellulose correct answers unbranched, highly extended, structural role.
Main component in plant cell walls
Chitin correct answers a polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects and the cell
walls of fungi
- does not consist of glucose monomers
, hydrogenation of fat correct answers converts some cis bonds to trans = straighter
steroid structure correct answers characteristic 4-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton
Important steroid in body correct answers cholesterol - component of animal cell membranes,
precursor for steroid hormones such as testosterone progesterone and estrogen
phospholipid structure correct answers 2FAs + glycerol
one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic end
function primarily in cell membranes
4 types of macromolecules? Which monomers are the building blocks of polymers? correct
answers - sugars = polysaccharides
- amino acids = proteins
- nucleotides = nucleic acids
- FAs = lipids
3 polysaccharides composed of glucose polymers correct answers glycogen, starch, cellulose
3 types of lipid molecules and role of each correct answers - Fats = rich in chemical energy;
energy storage
- Steroids = components of animal cell membranes and precursors of steroid hormones;
cholesterol is involved in membrane fluidity
- Phospholipids: cell membranes
functions of proteins? correct answers enzymes, structural cables, hormones/growth factors,
membrane receptors/transporters, contractile filaments, antibodies, etc
how are peptide bonds formed? broken? correct answers condensation (dehydration) reaction...
hydrolysis
3 unique Amino Acids correct answers - Glycine: only H atom as side chain = very flexible
- Proline: amino group as part of ring = produces kinks or hinges
- Cysteine: contains sulfhydryl group = can form disulfide bridges
Primary structure of protein correct answers linear sequence of amino acids
secondary structure of protein correct answers conformation of portions of the polypeptide chain.
- Alpha helix and beta sheets
- Both stabilized by hydrogen bonds
tertiary structure correct answers conformation of the entire polypeptide
- Stabilized by non-covalent bonds (van der waals, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds) and covalent
bonds (disulfide)
quaternary structure correct answers more than one chain or subunit
