PUBH 401 Final Exam Questions With
Guaranteed Passed Solutions.
ecologic fallacy - Answer incorrectly ascribing group characteristics to individual members of a
group
-any association we observe at the group level does not represent the association that exists at
the individual level
cofounder - Answer variable that distorts the true association between exposure and disease
designing a randomized trial - Answer 1. begin with a defined population
2. randomly assign people to new treatment or current treatment
3. follow the subjects in each group through time
4. at the end of the study compare how many improved with new treatment to how many new
improved with current treatment
5. can also compare treatment group to non treatment group
cohort study - Answer Following a subset of a population over a lifetime
Designing a Cohort Study - Answer 1. start with group of people by assessing exposure status
2.record information on exposure status. gather other info
3. follow the group over a defined time period
4. asses disease status
5. perform data analysis and calculate appropriate measures of risk
when is it appropriate to use a cohort study - Answer 1. when there is good evidence
suggesting an association of a disease with a certain exposure. You must have an idea with a
certain exposure, you must have an idea of which exposures are associated with a disease
2. When you can minimize loss to follow-up of the study population
3. When you cannot randomize people the exposure bc it is unethical
2 quantitative measures for cohort study - Answer incidence rate in unexposed and incidence
rate in expose
, incidence rate in the unexposed - Answer c/c+d X base
interpreting incidence in exposed and unexposed - Answer - If incidence in the exposed group
is greater than incidence in unexposed then there's positive association between exposure and
disease
-If incidence in the exposed group is less than incidence in unexposed then there is a negative
association between the disease and exposure
Advantages of cohort studies - Answer get exposure status before the occurrence of disease
which is helpful to establish causation
have less biases than other observational study designs
can study rare exposures
disadvantages of cohort studies - Answer very expensive to carry out
time consuming to conduct
How to design case control study - Answer 1. Start with population of interest
2. identify group of people with the disease ( cases)
3. identify group of people without the disease ( controls)
4. Gather exposure info and other relevant info
5.perform data analysis and calculate appropriate measures of risk
When to use case-control study - Answer 1. when searching for a cause of an adverse health
outcome. Are carried out before any cohort studies are done
2. when the disease being tested is rare
how to select cases - Answer no bias
-selected from hospital patients
Dr's practices
clinics
Registries of patients with a certain disease
Guaranteed Passed Solutions.
ecologic fallacy - Answer incorrectly ascribing group characteristics to individual members of a
group
-any association we observe at the group level does not represent the association that exists at
the individual level
cofounder - Answer variable that distorts the true association between exposure and disease
designing a randomized trial - Answer 1. begin with a defined population
2. randomly assign people to new treatment or current treatment
3. follow the subjects in each group through time
4. at the end of the study compare how many improved with new treatment to how many new
improved with current treatment
5. can also compare treatment group to non treatment group
cohort study - Answer Following a subset of a population over a lifetime
Designing a Cohort Study - Answer 1. start with group of people by assessing exposure status
2.record information on exposure status. gather other info
3. follow the group over a defined time period
4. asses disease status
5. perform data analysis and calculate appropriate measures of risk
when is it appropriate to use a cohort study - Answer 1. when there is good evidence
suggesting an association of a disease with a certain exposure. You must have an idea with a
certain exposure, you must have an idea of which exposures are associated with a disease
2. When you can minimize loss to follow-up of the study population
3. When you cannot randomize people the exposure bc it is unethical
2 quantitative measures for cohort study - Answer incidence rate in unexposed and incidence
rate in expose
, incidence rate in the unexposed - Answer c/c+d X base
interpreting incidence in exposed and unexposed - Answer - If incidence in the exposed group
is greater than incidence in unexposed then there's positive association between exposure and
disease
-If incidence in the exposed group is less than incidence in unexposed then there is a negative
association between the disease and exposure
Advantages of cohort studies - Answer get exposure status before the occurrence of disease
which is helpful to establish causation
have less biases than other observational study designs
can study rare exposures
disadvantages of cohort studies - Answer very expensive to carry out
time consuming to conduct
How to design case control study - Answer 1. Start with population of interest
2. identify group of people with the disease ( cases)
3. identify group of people without the disease ( controls)
4. Gather exposure info and other relevant info
5.perform data analysis and calculate appropriate measures of risk
When to use case-control study - Answer 1. when searching for a cause of an adverse health
outcome. Are carried out before any cohort studies are done
2. when the disease being tested is rare
how to select cases - Answer no bias
-selected from hospital patients
Dr's practices
clinics
Registries of patients with a certain disease
