Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire
stomach or a region) correct answersGastritis
Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage correct answersAcute Gastritis
Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by
nausea and epigastric pain correct answersAcute Gastritis
Gastritis develops gradually. correct answersChronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive correct
answersChronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and
hematemesis. correct answersAcute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull
epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. correct
answersChronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction correct answersGastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns
disease correct answersChronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or
undercooked chicken or eggs correct answersAcute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and
vomiting correct answersGastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis correct
answersHelicobacter pylori Embeds itself in the mucous layer,
activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors
(smoking and stress) may
increase the susceptibility correct answersHelicobacter pylori
Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long- term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other
chronic disease correct answersGastritis
,Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and
hemorrhage correct answersChronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal
cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and
dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding. correct
answersGastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can
also back up into the esophagus. correct answersGERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa correct
answersGERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages,
citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol
consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain
medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers,
and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed gastric emptying
correct answersGERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or
when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis,
regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat. correct
answersGERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer,
and chronic pulmonary disease correct answersGERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac
disease correct answersGERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum correct
answersPeptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD. correct answersPeptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through
the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive
forces and protective mechanisms correct answersPeptic Ulcer Disease
(PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) correct answersDuodenal
Ulcers Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
, Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections.
Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food
correct answersDuodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating.
correct answersGastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to
local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and
decreased GI motility. correct answersStress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns correct answersCurling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries correct answersCushing's
ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within
hours of the precipitating event. correct answersStress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly
and tends to be masked by the primary problem correct answersStress
ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and
peritonitis correct answersPeptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping,
heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting correct answersPeptic
Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and
sometimes other layers correct answersPseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post
abdominal surgery susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins correct
answersPseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and
leukocytosis correct answersPseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an
infection. Triggers local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure.
As fluid builds inside the appendix, microorganisms proliferate correct
answersAppendicitis
The appendix fills with purulent exudate and area blood vessels become
compressed correct answersAppendicitis
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire
stomach or a region) correct answersGastritis
Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage correct answersAcute Gastritis
Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by
nausea and epigastric pain correct answersAcute Gastritis
Gastritis develops gradually. correct answersChronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive correct
answersChronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and
hematemesis. correct answersAcute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull
epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. correct
answersChronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction correct answersGastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns
disease correct answersChronic Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or
undercooked chicken or eggs correct answersAcute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and
vomiting correct answersGastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis correct
answersHelicobacter pylori Embeds itself in the mucous layer,
activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors
(smoking and stress) may
increase the susceptibility correct answersHelicobacter pylori
Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long- term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other
chronic disease correct answersGastritis
,Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and
hemorrhage correct answersChronic Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal
cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and
dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding. correct
answersGastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can
also back up into the esophagus. correct answersGERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa correct
answersGERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages,
citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol
consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain
medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers,
and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed gastric emptying
correct answersGERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or
when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis,
regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat. correct
answersGERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer,
and chronic pulmonary disease correct answersGERD (Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac
disease correct answersGERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum correct
answersPeptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD. correct answersPeptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through
the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive
forces and protective mechanisms correct answersPeptic Ulcer Disease
(PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) correct answersDuodenal
Ulcers Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
, Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections.
Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food
correct answersDuodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating.
correct answersGastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to
local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and
decreased GI motility. correct answersStress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns correct answersCurling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries correct answersCushing's
ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within
hours of the precipitating event. correct answersStress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly
and tends to be masked by the primary problem correct answersStress
ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and
peritonitis correct answersPeptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping,
heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting correct answersPeptic
Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and
sometimes other layers correct answersPseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post
abdominal surgery susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins correct
answersPseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and
leukocytosis correct answersPseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an
infection. Triggers local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure.
As fluid builds inside the appendix, microorganisms proliferate correct
answersAppendicitis
The appendix fills with purulent exudate and area blood vessels become
compressed correct answersAppendicitis
