Know that the pancreas is associated with somatostatin, glucagon and insulin..
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, The endocrine functions of the pancreas consist of syn- thesis, storage, and
release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Insulin is secreted by certain
cells of the pancreas called beta cells, located in patches of tissue named
the islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets. Glucagon is secreted by the
alpha cells of the islets. Somatostatin, secreted by delta cells, inhibits the
secretion of glucagon and insulin.
Know the relationship of hypertensive kidney disease to water, chloride, sodium and
potassium.
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Sodium is an essential nutrient for the maintenance of plasma volume and
plasma osmolality, and participates in several metabolic pathways essential
to maintain life [1]. However, when consumed in excess, high sodium intake
is an important risk factor for hypertension and is also associated with an
increased risk of cardiovascular and kidney disease.
Be familiar with the following: sensory neuron, neuroma, interneuron and motor
neuron.
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Nerves consist of motor nerves, which carry information from the CNS to
muscles and glands, and sensory nerves, which carry sensory information
from sense receptors to the CNS. The basic unit of the nervous system is
the neuron, or nerve cell. The neuron consists of a cell body with attached
filamentous extensions called dendrites that carry information toward the
cell body and a filamentous axon that carries information away from the
cell body. . Axons of many neurons are insulated by a lipoprotein covering
called myelin that forms a sheath, insulating and protecting the neuron.
Deterioration of the myelin sheath decreases the impulse velocity and
impairs neuron function. Three types of neurons are described. One type is
the interneuron, which carries nervous impulses between neurons. The
, second type is the sensory neuron, which detects environmental stimuli
such as touch, light, or pain and transmits messages to the brain or spinal
cord. The third type is a motor neuron, which conveys messages from the
central nervous system to muscles, causing contraction, or to glands,
triggering secretion. The brain and spinal cord comprise the organs of the
central nervous system (CNS). Together they integrate and interpret
sensory input and direct all activities of the body. The third type is a motor
neuron, which conveys messages from the central nervous system to
muscles, causing contraction, or to glands, triggering secretion.
Know that the enteric, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic are parts of the
autonomic nervous system
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em The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls glands and involuntary
muscle, including cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle in the walls of blood
vessels, bronchi, intestines, and other abdominal organs. The ANS is divided
into three subdivisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric. The
sympathetic subdivision is composed of nerves that arise from the thoracic
and lumbar areas of the spinal cord. The sympathetic nervous system
prepares organs and glands for "fight or flight," triggering causing
bronchial dilation and increased heart rate and blood pressure. The
parasympathetic subdivision includes nerves arising from the cranial and
sacral regions. These nerves regulate the resting functions of the body. The
enteric subdivision is a network of nerves in the abdomen that control the
gastrointestinal organs.
Know what the target organ of oxytocin is in our body.
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Stimulates uterine contractions, milk release, and ejection of prostate gland
secretions. n of oxytocin is the smooth muscle of the uterus, where it stimu-
lates uterine contractions; the mammary glands, where in response to
, suckling it triggers the release of milk from the breasts; and the pros- tate
gland, where it causes ejection of prostate gland secretions.
Know how antifungal drugs destroy fungal diseases (cell membranes).
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Targets fungal walls and membranes but can affect human cells as well,
leading to toxic side effects
Know that an Otoscope allows visualization of the auditory canal and the tympanic
membrane
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The doctor examines the ear drum externally using an otoscope to observe
the tension on the tympanic membrane and notice any drainage.
Be familiar with: genital warts, Chlamydia, trichomoniasis and genital herpes..
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
, The endocrine functions of the pancreas consist of syn- thesis, storage, and
release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Insulin is secreted by certain
cells of the pancreas called beta cells, located in patches of tissue named
the islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets. Glucagon is secreted by the
alpha cells of the islets. Somatostatin, secreted by delta cells, inhibits the
secretion of glucagon and insulin.
Know the relationship of hypertensive kidney disease to water, chloride, sodium and
potassium.
Give this one a try later!
Sodium is an essential nutrient for the maintenance of plasma volume and
plasma osmolality, and participates in several metabolic pathways essential
to maintain life [1]. However, when consumed in excess, high sodium intake
is an important risk factor for hypertension and is also associated with an
increased risk of cardiovascular and kidney disease.
Be familiar with the following: sensory neuron, neuroma, interneuron and motor
neuron.
Give this one a try later!
Nerves consist of motor nerves, which carry information from the CNS to
muscles and glands, and sensory nerves, which carry sensory information
from sense receptors to the CNS. The basic unit of the nervous system is
the neuron, or nerve cell. The neuron consists of a cell body with attached
filamentous extensions called dendrites that carry information toward the
cell body and a filamentous axon that carries information away from the
cell body. . Axons of many neurons are insulated by a lipoprotein covering
called myelin that forms a sheath, insulating and protecting the neuron.
Deterioration of the myelin sheath decreases the impulse velocity and
impairs neuron function. Three types of neurons are described. One type is
the interneuron, which carries nervous impulses between neurons. The
, second type is the sensory neuron, which detects environmental stimuli
such as touch, light, or pain and transmits messages to the brain or spinal
cord. The third type is a motor neuron, which conveys messages from the
central nervous system to muscles, causing contraction, or to glands,
triggering secretion. The brain and spinal cord comprise the organs of the
central nervous system (CNS). Together they integrate and interpret
sensory input and direct all activities of the body. The third type is a motor
neuron, which conveys messages from the central nervous system to
muscles, causing contraction, or to glands, triggering secretion.
Know that the enteric, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic are parts of the
autonomic nervous system
Give this one a try later!
em The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls glands and involuntary
muscle, including cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle in the walls of blood
vessels, bronchi, intestines, and other abdominal organs. The ANS is divided
into three subdivisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric. The
sympathetic subdivision is composed of nerves that arise from the thoracic
and lumbar areas of the spinal cord. The sympathetic nervous system
prepares organs and glands for "fight or flight," triggering causing
bronchial dilation and increased heart rate and blood pressure. The
parasympathetic subdivision includes nerves arising from the cranial and
sacral regions. These nerves regulate the resting functions of the body. The
enteric subdivision is a network of nerves in the abdomen that control the
gastrointestinal organs.
Know what the target organ of oxytocin is in our body.
Give this one a try later!
Stimulates uterine contractions, milk release, and ejection of prostate gland
secretions. n of oxytocin is the smooth muscle of the uterus, where it stimu-
lates uterine contractions; the mammary glands, where in response to
, suckling it triggers the release of milk from the breasts; and the pros- tate
gland, where it causes ejection of prostate gland secretions.
Know how antifungal drugs destroy fungal diseases (cell membranes).
Give this one a try later!
Targets fungal walls and membranes but can affect human cells as well,
leading to toxic side effects
Know that an Otoscope allows visualization of the auditory canal and the tympanic
membrane
Give this one a try later!
The doctor examines the ear drum externally using an otoscope to observe
the tension on the tympanic membrane and notice any drainage.
Be familiar with: genital warts, Chlamydia, trichomoniasis and genital herpes..
Give this one a try later!
