EXSS 181 Midterm 1 Exam Graded A

Sport and Exercise Psychology - ANSWER The scientific study of human behavior in sport and exercise, and the practical application of that knowledge 3 roles of sport psychologists - ANSWER -Research (plan, design, implement, and evaluate research); -Teaching (university courses); -Consulting (help individuals and teams improve performance) 2 major types of questions in the field? - ANSWER -Understanding the effects of psychological factors on sport/physical activity behavior and performance -Understanding the effects of participating in sport/physical activity on psychological development, health, and well-being What does B= f(P,E) mean? - ANSWER Behavior is a function of both the person and his/her environment -Is dynamic; precise prediction difficult; need to understand both person and context Who are the main historical figures? What did they do? - ANSWER --Norman Triplett: key figure in history of social, sport, and exercise psychology; studied social facilitation of bikers; tested whether bikers rode faster when in groups than alone --Coleman Griffith: "Father of Modern Sport Psychology"; first research lab; 25 research articles 6 periods of sports psychology - ANSWER --Early years(): characterized by isolated studies --Griffith Era(): sport psychology labs and psychological testing took place; Coleman Griffith became the first American to specialize in the area; lab at University of Illinois --Preparation for Future(): characterized by the field's scientific development attributable to the educational efforts of Franklin Henry --Establishment of Academic Branch(): sport and exercise psychology became a valued component of the academic discipline of physical education --Multidisciplinary Research(): multidisciplinary science and practice, characterized by tremendous growth as the field became more accepted and respected by the public --Contemporary(2000-present): distinguished by continued growth worldwide, considerable diverse research, and interest in application and consulting Identify and explain 3 ways of knowing. Advantages/disadvantages of each? - ANSWER -Common sense (intuition, speculation); strength= easy and quick; limitations= not based on experience or data -Practical experience (observations, case studies); strengths= immediate, innovative; limitations= fails to explain mechanisms, susceptible to bias -Science (controlled, empirical investigations); strengths= reliable, objective; limitations= reductionistic, slow to evolve 4 steps of scientific method? - ANSWER -Develop the problem (what is the purpose; independent/dependent variables) -Formulate hypotheses (must be testable) -Gather data -Analyze and interpret results Identify the IV and DV in the following statement: do 8 year old gymnasts learn new vaults faster if they are exposed to mastery versus coping models? - ANSWER IV: Mastery vs. coping models DV: speed of learning What is a theory? - ANSWER a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained What is personality? - ANSWER That pattern of characteristics thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time and situations Explain the difference b/t internal psychological core, typical responses, and role-related behavior in Hollander's model of personality - ANSWER --Internal psychological core: basic level, values, interests, motives, etc. --Typical responses: ways we learn to adjust to the environment, how we usually respond to the world around us --Role-related behavior: most changeable aspect of personality; different situations elicit different behaviors Name the 5 big traits. What is the iceberg profile? - ANSWER --Openness to experience --Conscientiousness --Extraversion/Introversion --Agreeableness --Neuroticism (emotionality) --Iceberg profile= a visual representation of desirable emotional health status characterized by low raw scores on the tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion. Describe the trait approach to personality. Why are traits a poor predictor of behavior on their own? - ANSWER Traits are: --Consistent= therefore we expect behavior (and thoughts and emotions) to be similar from one situation to the next --Generalizable= therefore we expect people to behave similarly across contexts --Traits are weak predictors of behavior on their own b/c predispositions do not mean an individual will act on them in every situation; sport may be a context in which traits are suppressed exaggerated; don't take into account the environment There are 2 theories that suggest that the situation influences personality development. Name them, and explain the basic premise of each. - ANSWER --Behaviorism: people learn behaviors for specific situations via rewards and punishments --Social Learning Theory: people learn behaviors for certain situations via observational learning/modeling What does the interactionist approach to personality suggest about how personality develops? - ANSWER --Person factors (traits) and situation factors interact to determine behavior --B=f(P,E) --combo of trait and situation theories --concept of state vs trait characteristics Should personality testing be used in athlete selection processes? Why or why not? - ANSWER Problems with using personality tests: not sufficient evidence of reliability and validity; social desirability can be learned; doesn't account for non-psychological factors --not recommended Definition of motivation (2 parts) - ANSWER the direction and intensity of effort --direction= approach/avoid or attraction --intensity=how much effort, persistence What is/are attributions? How do they relate to success and failure? - ANSWER Interpretations or explanations individuals give for success or failure; they are why you think you were successful or unsuccessful What are the 2 key assumptions of attribution theory (Weiner, 1979, 1985)? - ANSWER --motivation is influenced by attributions --Commonly cited reasons for perceived success and failure: personal ability, personal effort, opponent's ability/effort, luck, refs, weather What are the 3 characteristics of attributions? Example of each? - ANSWER --Stability:stable/unstable (stable=your talent, unstable=good luck) --Locus of causality: internal/external (internal= your tremendous effort, external= easy competition) --Locus of control: in one's control/ out of one's control (in=strategy/plan, out=opponent's lack of physical conditioning)